Optimal approximation of piecewise smooth functions using deep ReLU neural networks

We study the necessary and sufficient complexity of ReLU neural networks---in terms of depth and number of weights---which is required for approximating classifier functions in L2. As a model class, we consider the set Eβ (mathbb Rd) of possibly discontinuous piecewise Cβ functions f : [-1/2, 1/2]d → mathbb R, where the different smooth regions of f are separated by Cβ hypersurfaces. For dimension d ≥ 2, regularity β > 0, and accuracy varepsilon > 0, we construct artificial neural networks with ReLU activation function that approximate functions from Eβ(mathbb Rd) up to L2 error of varepsilon. The constructed networks have a fixed number of layers, depending only on d and β, and they have O(varepsilon-2(d-1)/β) many nonzero weights, which we prove to be optimal. In addition to the optimality in terms of the number of weights, we show that in order to achieve the optimal approximation rate, one needs ReLU networks of a certain depth. Precisely, for piecewise Cβ(mathbb Rd) functions, this minimal depth is given---up to a multiplicative constant---by β/d. Up to a log factor, our constructed networks match this bound. This partly explains the benefits of depth for ReLU networks by showing that deep networks are necessary to achieve efficient approximation of (piecewise) smooth functions. Finally, we analyze approximation in high-dimensional spaces where the function f to be approximated can be factorized into a smooth dimension reducing feature map τ and classifier function g---defined on a low-dimensional feature space---as f = g circ τ. We show that in this case the approximation rate depends only on the dimension of the feature space and not the input dimension.