mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

A Deep Generative Framework for Paraphrase Generation

arXiv 1709.05074 ↗First posted 15 Sep 2017cs.CLcited by 54

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Abstract (arXiv)

Paraphrase generation is an important problem in NLP, especially in question answering, information retrieval, information extraction, conversation systems, to name a few. In this paper, we address the problem of generating paraphrases automatically. Our proposed method is based on a combination of deep generative models (VAE) with sequence-to-sequence models (LSTM) to generate paraphrases, given an input sentence. Traditional VAEs when combined with recurrent neural networks can generate free text but they are not suitable for paraphrase generation for a given sentence. We address this problem by conditioning the both, encoder and decoder sides of VAE, on the original sentence, so that it can generate the given sentence's paraphrases. Unlike most existing models, our model is simple, modular and can generate multiple paraphrases, for a given sentence. Quantitative evaluation of the proposed method on a benchmark paraphrase dataset demonstrates its efficacy, and its performance improvement over the state-of-the-art methods by a significant margin, whereas qualitative human evaluation indicate that the generated paraphrases are well-formed, grammatically correct, and are relevant to the input sentence. Furthermore, we evaluate our method on a newly released question paraphrase dataset, and establish a new baseline for future research.

Key facts. Cited by 54 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 15 Sep 2017.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 22; 2022: 13; 2023: 9; 2024: 8; 2025: 2.

54 papers.

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  1. 2021An Empirical Survey of Data Augmentation for Limited Data Learning in NLPcited by 101
  2. 2022Latent Diffusion Energy-Based Model for Interpretable Text Modelingcited by 67
  3. 2021Generating Syntactically Controlled Paraphrases without Using Annotated Parallel Pairscited by 45
  4. 2021Neural Natural Language Processing for Unstructured Data in Electronic Health Records: a Reviewcited by 35
  5. 2022Quality Controlled Paraphrase Generationcited by 31
  6. 2021ParaSCI: A Large Scientific Paraphrase Dataset for Longer Paraphrase Generationcited by 28
  7. 2022Novelty Controlled Paraphrase Generation with Retrieval Augmented Conditional Prompt Tuningcited by 25
  8. 2023Selective In-Context Data Augmentation for Intent Detection using Pointwise V-Informationcited by 24
  9. 2021Data Expansion using Back Translation and Paraphrasing for Hate Speech Detectioncited by 20
  10. 2022Fuse It More Deeply! A Variational Transformer with Layer-Wise Latent Variable Inference for Text Generationcited by 20
  11. 2021Improving Paraphrase Detection with the Adversarial Paraphrasing Taskcited by 19
  12. 2022Diversifying Content Generation for Commonsense Reasoning with Mixture of Knowledge Graph Expertscited by 19
38 more
  1. 2024Improving Diversity of Commonsense Generation by Large Language Models via In-Context Learningcited by 19
  2. 2021A Review of Text Style Transfer using Deep Learningcited by 18
  3. 2021Latent Space Energy-Based Model of Symbol-Vector Coupling for Text Generation and Classificationcited by 14
  4. 2021ConRPG: Paraphrase Generation using Contexts as Regularizercited by 13
  5. 2023ParaAMR: A Large-Scale Syntactically Diverse Paraphrase Dataset by AMR Back-Translationcited by 11
  6. 2021Unsupervised Contextual Paraphrase Generation using Lexical Control and Reinforcement Learningcited by 10
  7. 2021Towards Document-Level Paraphrase Generation with Sentence Rewriting and Reorderingcited by 10
  8. 2022Multi-objective Deep Data Generation with Correlated Property Controlcited by 10
  9. 2022Prophet Attention: Predicting Attention with Future Attention for Image Captioningcited by 10
  10. 2024Monotonic Paraphrasing Improves Generalization of Language Model Promptingcited by 10
  11. 2021Pushing Paraphrase Away from Original Sentence: A Multi-Round Paraphrase Generation Approachcited by 7
  12. 2021Improving Non-autoregressive Generation with Mixup Trainingcited by 7
  13. 2021Idiomatic Expression Paraphrasing without Strong Supervisioncited by 7
  14. 2024A Comprehensive Study on NLP Data Augmentation for Hate Speech Detection: Legacy Methods, BERT, and LLMscited by 7
  15. 2021Contrastive Representation Learning for Exemplar-Guided Paraphrase Generationcited by 6
  16. 2021From Solving a Problem Boldly to Cutting the Gordian Knot: Idiomatic Text Generationcited by 5
  17. 2021Simulated annealing for optimization of graphs and sequencescited by 5
  18. 2023BLEU Meets COMET: Combining Lexical and Neural Metrics Towards Robust Machine Translation Evaluationcited by 5
  19. 2021Sentence-Permuted Paragraph Generationcited by 4
  20. 2021Regularizing Transformers With Deep Probabilistic Layerscited by 4
  21. 2022Unsupervised Syntactically Controlled Paraphrase Generation with Abstract Meaning Representationscited by 4
  22. 2025Fake News Detection After LLM Laundering: Measurement and Explanationcited by 4
  23. 2022Entailment Relation Aware Paraphrase Generationcited by 3
  24. 2023Syntactically Robust Training on Partially-Observed Data for Open Information Extractioncited by 3
  25. 2023Weakly Supervised Reasoning by Neuro-Symbolic Approachescited by 3
  26. 2021Improving the Diversity of Unsupervised Paraphrasing with Embedding Outputscited by 2
  27. 2023Emotion and Sentiment Guided Paraphrasingcited by 2
  28. 2023Interpretation modeling: Social grounding of sentences by reasoning over their implicit moral judgmentscited by 2
  29. 2022Understanding Metrics for Paraphrasingcited by 1
  30. 2022Accelerating Antimicrobial Peptide Discovery with Latent Structurecited by 1
  31. 2023Language as a Latent Sequence: deep latent variable models for semi-supervised paraphrase generationcited by 1
  32. 2024Task-Oriented Paraphrase Analyticscited by 1
  33. 2024Effective Unsupervised Constrained Text Generation based on Perturbed Maskingcited by 1
  34. 2021SPMoE: Generate Multiple Pattern-Aware Outputs with Sparse Pattern Mixture of Expertscited by 0
  35. 2021Paraphrase Generation as Unsupervised Machine Translationcited by 0
  36. 2022Visual Information Guided Zero-Shot Paraphrase Generationcited by 0
  37. 2022Fine-Grained Emotional Paraphrasing along Emotion Gradientscited by 0
  38. 2023IdEALS: Idiomatic Expressions for Advancement of Language Skillscited by 0

50 most cited of 54 All 54 (JSON)