mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Improving the Diversity of Unsupervised Paraphrasing with Embedding Outputs

arXiv 2110.13231 ↗First posted 25 Oct 2021cs.CLcited by 2

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

We present a novel technique for zero-shot paraphrase generation. The key contribution is an end-to-end multilingual paraphrasing model that is trained using translated parallel corpora to generate paraphrases into "meaning spaces" -- replacing the final softmax layer with word embeddings. This architectural modification, plus a training procedure that incorporates an autoencoding objective, enables effective parameter sharing across languages for more fluent monolingual rewriting, and facilitates fluency and diversity in generation. Our continuous-output paraphrase generation models outperform zero-shot paraphrasing baselines when evaluated on two languages using a battery of computational metrics as well as in human assessment.

Key facts. Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 23 of its 53 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 Oct 2021.

Builds on

23 of 53 references.

References · 23

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
  3. 2016Enriching Word Vectors with Subword Informationcited by 1,578
  4. 2016Google's Multilingual Neural Machine Translation System: Enabling Zero-Shot Translationcited by 467
  5. 2016Diverse Beam Search: Decoding Diverse Solutions from Neural Sequence Modelscited by 299
  6. 2018Adversarial Example Generation with Syntactically Controlled Paraphrase Networkscited by 282
  7. 2017Unsupervised Machine Translation Using Monolingual Corpora Onlycited by 272
  8. 2017OpenNMT: Open-source Toolkit for Neural Machine Translationcited by 251
  9. 2018A robust self-learning method for fully unsupervised cross-lingual mappings of word embeddingscited by 145
  10. 2017Data Augmentation for Low-Resource Neural Machine Translationcited by 139
  11. 2018Sequence-to-Sequence Data Augmentation for Dialogue Language Understandingcited by 67
  12. 2017A Deep Generative Framework for Paraphrase Generationcited by 54
11 more
  1. 2016Neural Paraphrase Generation with Stacked Residual LSTM Networkscited by 52
  2. 2017ParaNMT-50M: Pushing the Limits of Paraphrastic Sentence Embeddings with Millions of Machine Translationscited by 44
  3. 2020Generalized Entropy Regularization or: There's Nothing Special about Label Smoothingcited by 40
  4. 2019ParaBank: Monolingual Bitext Generation and Sentential Paraphrasing via Lexically-constrained Neural Machine Translationcited by 38
  5. 2020Paraphrase Generation as Zero-Shot Multilingual Translation: Disentangling Semantic Similarity from Lexical and Syntactic Diversitycited by 35
  6. 2017Learning Paraphrastic Sentence Embeddings from Back-Translated Bitextcited by 27
  7. 2018Von Mises-Fisher Loss for Training Sequence to Sequence Models with Continuous Outputscited by 26
  8. 2019Unsupervised Paraphrasing without Translationcited by 19
  9. 2018A task in a suit and a tie: paraphrase generation with semantic augmentationcited by 15
  10. 2019Zero-Shot Paraphrase Generation with Multilingual Language Modelscited by 7
  11. 2018Learning Semantic Sentence Embeddings using Sequential Pair-wise Discriminatorcited by 3

Built on by

Cited by year

Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 0; 2024: 0; 2025: 1.

2 papers.