Simple and Effective Dimensionality Reduction for Word Embeddings
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Abstract (arXiv)
Word embeddings have become the basic building blocks for several natural language processing and information retrieval tasks. Pre-trained word embeddings are used in several downstream applications as well as for constructing representations for sentences, paragraphs and documents. Recently, there has been an emphasis on further improving the pre-trained word vectors through post-processing algorithms. One such area of improvement is the dimensionality reduction of the word embeddings. Reducing the size of word embeddings through dimensionality reduction can improve their utility in memory constrained devices, benefiting several real-world applications. In this work, we present a novel algorithm that effectively combines PCA based dimensionality reduction with a recently proposed post-processing algorithm, to construct word embeddings of lower dimensions. Empirical evaluations on 12 standard word similarity benchmarks show that our algorithm reduces the embedding dimensionality by 50%, while achieving similar or (more often) better performance than the higher dimension embeddings.
Key facts. Cited by 38 papers in the map (data through 13 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 11 Aug 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 7; 2022: 8; 2023: 3; 2024: 6; 2025: 10; 2026: 4.
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- 2023Analyzing And Editing Inner Mechanisms Of Backdoored Language Modelscited by 23
- 2021Empirical Evaluation of Pre-trained Transformers for Human-Level NLP: The Role of Sample Size and Dimensionalitycited by 15
- 2024Prompt-Agnostic Adversarial Perturbation for Customized Diffusion Modelscited by 14
- 2021Low Anisotropy Sense Retrofitting (LASeR) : Towards Isotropic and Sense Enriched Representationscited by 13
- 2024Dimension Reduction with Locally Adjusted Graphscited by 9
- 2025Randomly Removing 50% of Dimensions in Text Embeddings has Minimal Impact on Retrieval and Classification Taskscited by 7
- 2021When Word Embeddings Become Endangeredcited by 6
- 2022Exploring Dimensionality Reduction Techniques in Multilingual Transformerscited by 6
- 2024Evaluating Unsupervised Dimensionality Reduction Methods for Pretrained Sentence Embeddingscited by 6
- 2022Compressing Sentence Representation for Semantic Retrieval via Homomorphic Projective Distillationcited by 5
- 2022Conflict-Aware Pseudo Labeling via Optimal Transport for Entity Alignmentcited by 5
- 2021Effects of Pre- and Post-Processing on type-based Embeddings in Lexical Semantic Change Detectioncited by 4
26 more
- 2021Leveraging cross-platform data to improve automated hate speech detectioncited by 4
- 2025The Future is Sparse: Embedding Compression for Scalable Retrieval in Recommender Systemscited by 4
- 2024Navigating the Effect of Parametrization for Dimensionality Reductioncited by 3
- 2025Discrete Speech Unit Extraction via Independent Component Analysiscited by 3
- 2021On Geodesic Distances and Contextual Embedding Compression for Text Classificationcited by 2
- 2022Assessment of contextualised representations in detecting outcome phrases in clinical trialscited by 2
- 2022Evaluation of taxonomic and neural embedding methods for calculating semantic similaritycited by 2
- 2023Combating Confirmation Bias: A Unified Pseudo-Labeling Framework for Entity Alignmentcited by 2
- 2023Sig-Networks Toolkit: Signature Networks for Longitudinal Language Modellingcited by 2
- 2025A Large-Language-Model Framework for Automated Humanitarian Situation Reportingcited by 2
- 2026On the Effectiveness of Proposed Techniques to Reduce Energy Consumption in RAG Systems: A Controlled Experimentcited by 2
- 2021Preliminary Steps Towards Federated Sentiment Classificationcited by 1
- 2022Word Tour: One-dimensional Word Embeddings via the Traveling Salesman Problemcited by 1
- 2024Dimensionality Reduction in Sentence Transformer Vector Databases with Fast Fourier Transformcited by 1
- 2025Breaking Thought Patterns: A Multi-Dimensional Reasoning Framework for LLMscited by 1
- 2025InsurTech innovation using natural language processingcited by 1
- 2026Pooling and Semantic Shift: The Fundamental Challenges in Long Text Embedding and Retrievalcited by 1
- 2022Data-Driven Evaluation of Training Action Space for Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
- 2022Embedding Compression for Text Classification Using Dictionary Screeningcited by 0
- 2024Word Embedding Dimension Reduction via Weakly-Supervised Feature Selectioncited by 0
- 2025Contextual Embedding-based Clustering to Identify Topics for Healthcare Service Improvementcited by 0
- 2025Including Semantic Information via Word Embeddings for Skeleton-based Action Recognitioncited by 0
- 2025Semantic Compression for Word and Sentence Embeddings using Discrete Wavelet Transformcited by 0
- 2025Combining Discrete Wavelet and Cosine Transforms for Efficient Sentence Embeddingcited by 0
- 2026Align, Integrate, and Fire: Efficient Token-Level Alignment for Zero-Shot SpeechLLMscited by 0
- 2026Subdomain-aware representation compression for pretrained image embeddingscited by 0
- 2026Align, Integrate, and Fire: Efficient Token-Level Alignment for Zero-Shot SpeechLLMs16 Sep 2026
- 2026Subdomain-aware representation compression for pretrained image embeddings26 Jul 2026
- 2026Pooling and Semantic Shift: The Fundamental Challenges in Long Text Embedding and Retrieval22 Mar 2026
- 2026On the Effectiveness of Proposed Techniques to Reduce Energy Consumption in RAG Systems: A Controlled Experiment5 Jan 2026
- 2025A Large-Language-Model Framework for Automated Humanitarian Situation Reporting22 Dec 2025
- 2025Randomly Removing 50% of Dimensions in Text Embeddings has Minimal Impact on Retrieval and Classification Tasks25 Aug 2025
- 2025Combining Discrete Wavelet and Cosine Transforms for Efficient Sentence Embedding1 Aug 2025
- 2025Semantic Compression for Word and Sentence Embeddings using Discrete Wavelet Transform31 Jul 2025
- 2025InsurTech innovation using natural language processing12 Jul 2025
- 2025Including Semantic Information via Word Embeddings for Skeleton-based Action Recognition23 Jun 2025
- 2025Breaking Thought Patterns: A Multi-Dimensional Reasoning Framework for LLMs16 Jun 2025
- 2025The Future is Sparse: Embedding Compression for Scalable Retrieval in Recommender Systems16 May 2025
26 more
- 2025Contextual Embedding-based Clustering to Identify Topics for Healthcare Service Improvement18 Apr 2025
- 2025Discrete Speech Unit Extraction via Independent Component Analysis11 Jan 2025
- 2024Dimension Reduction with Locally Adjusted Graphs19 Dec 2024
- 2024Navigating the Effect of Parametrization for Dimensionality Reduction24 Nov 2024
- 2024Prompt-Agnostic Adversarial Perturbation for Customized Diffusion Models20 Aug 2024
- 2024Word Embedding Dimension Reduction via Weakly-Supervised Feature Selection17 Jul 2024
- 2024Dimensionality Reduction in Sentence Transformer Vector Databases with Fast Fourier Transform9 Apr 2024
- 2024Evaluating Unsupervised Dimensionality Reduction Methods for Pretrained Sentence Embeddings20 Mar 2024
- 2023Sig-Networks Toolkit: Signature Networks for Longitudinal Language Modelling6 Dec 2023
- 2023Combating Confirmation Bias: A Unified Pseudo-Labeling Framework for Entity Alignment5 Jul 2023
- 2023Analyzing And Editing Inner Mechanisms Of Backdoored Language Models24 Feb 2023
- 2022Embedding Compression for Text Classification Using Dictionary Screening23 Nov 2022
- 2022Evaluation of taxonomic and neural embedding methods for calculating semantic similarity30 Sep 2022
- 2022Conflict-Aware Pseudo Labeling via Optimal Transport for Entity Alignment5 Sep 2022
- 2022Word Tour: One-dimensional Word Embeddings via the Traveling Salesman Problem4 May 2022
- 2022Exploring Dimensionality Reduction Techniques in Multilingual Transformers18 Apr 2022
- 2022Data-Driven Evaluation of Training Action Space for Reinforcement Learning8 Apr 2022
- 2022Compressing Sentence Representation for Semantic Retrieval via Homomorphic Projective Distillation15 Mar 2022
- 2022Assessment of contextualised representations in detecting outcome phrases in clinical trials13 Feb 2022
- 2021Preliminary Steps Towards Federated Sentiment Classification26 Jul 2021
- 2021Empirical Evaluation of Pre-trained Transformers for Human-Level NLP: The Role of Sample Size and Dimensionality7 May 2021
- 2021On Geodesic Distances and Contextual Embedding Compression for Text Classification22 Apr 2021
- 2021Low Anisotropy Sense Retrofitting (LASeR) : Towards Isotropic and Sense Enriched Representations22 Apr 2021
- 2021When Word Embeddings Become Endangered24 Mar 2021
- 2021Leveraging cross-platform data to improve automated hate speech detection9 Feb 2021
- 2021Effects of Pre- and Post-Processing on type-based Embeddings in Lexical Semantic Change Detection22 Jan 2021
- 2021Empirical Evaluation of Pre-trained Transformers for Human-Level NLP: The Role of Sample Size and Dimensionalitycited by 15
- 2021Low Anisotropy Sense Retrofitting (LASeR) : Towards Isotropic and Sense Enriched Representationscited by 13
- 2024Dimension Reduction with Locally Adjusted Graphscited by 9
- 2025Randomly Removing 50% of Dimensions in Text Embeddings has Minimal Impact on Retrieval and Classification Taskscited by 7
- 2021When Word Embeddings Become Endangeredcited by 6
- 2022Exploring Dimensionality Reduction Techniques in Multilingual Transformerscited by 6
- 2024Evaluating Unsupervised Dimensionality Reduction Methods for Pretrained Sentence Embeddingscited by 6
- 2022Compressing Sentence Representation for Semantic Retrieval via Homomorphic Projective Distillationcited by 5
- 2022Conflict-Aware Pseudo Labeling via Optimal Transport for Entity Alignmentcited by 5
- 2021Effects of Pre- and Post-Processing on type-based Embeddings in Lexical Semantic Change Detectioncited by 4
- 2021Leveraging cross-platform data to improve automated hate speech detectioncited by 4
- 2025The Future is Sparse: Embedding Compression for Scalable Retrieval in Recommender Systemscited by 4
12 most cited of 34 All 34 (JSON)
- 2026Align, Integrate, and Fire: Efficient Token-Level Alignment for Zero-Shot SpeechLLMs16 Sep 2026
- 2026Subdomain-aware representation compression for pretrained image embeddings26 Jul 2026
- 2026Pooling and Semantic Shift: The Fundamental Challenges in Long Text Embedding and Retrieval22 Mar 2026
- 2025A Large-Language-Model Framework for Automated Humanitarian Situation Reporting22 Dec 2025
- 2025Randomly Removing 50% of Dimensions in Text Embeddings has Minimal Impact on Retrieval and Classification Tasks25 Aug 2025
- 2025Combining Discrete Wavelet and Cosine Transforms for Efficient Sentence Embedding1 Aug 2025
- 2025Semantic Compression for Word and Sentence Embeddings using Discrete Wavelet Transform31 Jul 2025
- 2025InsurTech innovation using natural language processing12 Jul 2025
- 2025Including Semantic Information via Word Embeddings for Skeleton-based Action Recognition23 Jun 2025
- 2025The Future is Sparse: Embedding Compression for Scalable Retrieval in Recommender Systems16 May 2025
- 2025Contextual Embedding-based Clustering to Identify Topics for Healthcare Service Improvement18 Apr 2025
- 2025Discrete Speech Unit Extraction via Independent Component Analysis11 Jan 2025
12 newest of 34 All 34 (JSON)