mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Deep MR to CT Synthesis using Unpaired Data

arXiv 1708.01155 ↗First posted 3 Aug 2017cs.CVcited by 86

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Abstract (arXiv)

MR-only radiotherapy treatment planning requires accurate MR-to-CT synthesis. Current deep learning methods for MR-to-CT synthesis depend on pairwise aligned MR and CT training images of the same patient. However, misalignment between paired images could lead to errors in synthesized CT images. To overcome this, we propose to train a generative adversarial network (GAN) with unpaired MR and CT images. A GAN consisting of two synthesis convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and two discriminator CNNs was trained with cycle consistency to transform 2D brain MR image slices into 2D brain CT image slices and vice versa. Brain MR and CT images of 24 patients were analyzed. A quantitative evaluation showed that the model was able to synthesize CT images that closely approximate reference CT images, and was able to outperform a GAN model trained with paired MR and CT images.

Key facts. Cited by 86 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 3 Aug 2017.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 19; 2022: 17; 2023: 22; 2024: 13; 2025: 9; 2026: 6.

86 papers.

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  1. 2021Domain Adaptation for Medical Image Analysis: A Surveycited by 351
  2. 2022Transformers in Medical Imaging: A Surveycited by 245
  3. 2022Unsupervised Medical Image Translation with Adversarial Diffusion Modelscited by 191
  4. 2021ResViT: Residual vision transformers for multi-modal medical image synthesiscited by 177
  5. 2023Deep Learning Approaches for Data Augmentation in Medical Imaging: A Reviewcited by 48
  6. 2023Synthetic CT Generation from MRI using 3D Transformer-based Denoising Diffusion Modelcited by 29
  7. 2021Deep learning-based synthetic-CT generation in radiotherapy and PET: a reviewcited by 28
  8. 2024Self-Consistent Recursive Diffusion Bridge for Medical Image Translationcited by 26
  9. 2024I2I-Mamba: Multi-modal medical image synthesis via selective state space modelingcited by 26
  10. 2021Self-Attentive Spatial Adaptive Normalization for Cross-Modality Domain Adaptationcited by 24
  11. 2022One Model to Unite Them All: Personalized Federated Learning of Multi-Contrast MRI Synthesiscited by 22
  12. 2023Low-field magnetic resonance image enhancement via stochastic image quality transfercited by 19
38 more
  1. 2023Structure-Preserving Synthesis: MaskGAN for Unpaired MR-CT Translationcited by 19
  2. 2024Fr'echet Radiomic Distance (FRD): A Versatile Metric for Comparing Medical Imaging Datasetscited by 19
  3. 2021Information-based Disentangled Representation Learning for Unsupervised MR Harmonizationcited by 16
  4. 2021Free-form tumor synthesis in computed tomography images via richer generative adversarial networkcited by 16
  5. 2021Uncertainty-Guided Progressive GANs for Medical Image Translationcited by 16
  6. 2021MRI to PET Cross-Modality Translation using Globally and Locally Aware GAN (GLA-GAN) for Multi-Modal Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Diseasecited by 16
  7. 2021Data synthesis and adversarial networks: A review and meta-analysis in cancer imagingcited by 15
  8. 2022medigan: a Python library of pretrained generative models for medical image synthesiscited by 14
  9. 2024Enhancing Medical Imaging with GANs Synthesizing Realistic Images from Limited Datacited by 11
  10. 2022EEG to fMRI Synthesis Benefits from Attentional Graphs of Electrode Relationshipscited by 7
  11. 2023Bi-parametric prostate MR image synthesis using pathology and sequence-conditioned stable diffusioncited by 7
  12. 2021Bridging the gap between paired and unpaired medical image translationcited by 6
  13. 2022DC-cycleGAN: Bidirectional CT-to-MR Synthesis from Unpaired Datacited by 6
  14. 2023Zero-shot-Learning Cross-Modality Data Translation Through Mutual Information Guided Stochastic Diffusioncited by 6
  15. 2024Simulating Dynamic Tumor Contrast Enhancement in Breast MRI using Conditional Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 6
  16. 2021Deep Class-Specific Affinity-Guided Convolutional Network for Multimodal Unpaired Image Segmentationcited by 5
  17. 2021Synthesizing MR Image Contrast Enhancement Using 3D High-resolution ConvNetscited by 5
  18. 2021SA-GAN: Structure-Aware GAN for Organ-Preserving Synthetic CT Generationcited by 5
  19. 2021Learn to Ignore: Domain Adaptation for Multi-Site MRI Analysiscited by 5
  20. 2022High-fidelity Direct Contrast Synthesis from Magnetic Resonance Fingerprintingcited by 4
  21. 2024NT-ViT: Neural Transcoding Vision Transformers for EEG-to-fMRI Synthesiscited by 4
  22. 2024Anatomical feature-prioritized loss for enhanced MR to CT translationcited by 4
  23. 2022HDL: Hybrid Deep Learning for the Synthesis of Myocardial Velocity Maps in Digital Twins for Cardiac Analysiscited by 3
  24. 2022Limited Parameter Denoising for Low-dose X-ray Computed Tomography Using Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 3
  25. 2023A Semi-Bayesian Nonparametric Estimator of the Maximum Mean Discrepancy Measure: Applications in Goodness-of-Fit Testing and Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 3
  26. 2025SRPL-SFDA: SAM-Guided Reliable Pseudo-Labels for Source-Free Domain Adaptation in Medical Image Segmentationcited by 3
  27. 2021CNNs and GANs in MRI-based cross-modality medical image estimationcited by 2
  28. 2022Unsupervised Joint Image Transfer and Uncertainty Quantification Using Patch Invariant Networkscited by 2
  29. 2022Brain MRI-to-PET Synthesis using 3D Convolutional Attention Networkscited by 2
  30. 2023Exploring contrast generalisation in deep learning-based brain MRI-to-CT synthesiscited by 2
  31. 2023Generalizable synthetic MRI with physics-informed convolutional networkscited by 2
  32. 2023A Unified Multi-Phase CT Synthesis and Classification Framework for Kidney Cancer Diagnosis with Incomplete Datacited by 2
  33. 2024Diffusion based Zero-shot Medical Image-to-Image Translation for Cross Modality Segmentationcited by 2
  34. 2024HAGAN: Hybrid Augmented Generative Adversarial Network for Medical Image Synthesiscited by 2
  35. 2025From Traditional to Deep Learning Approaches in Whole Slide Image Registration: A Methodological Reviewcited by 2
  36. 2021Training of deep cross-modality conversion models with a small dataset, and their application in megavoltage CT to kilovoltage CT conversioncited by 1
  37. 2021Edge-preserving Domain Adaptation for semantic segmentation of Medical Imagescited by 1
  38. 2022Realistic Endoscopic Image Generation Method Using Virtual-to-real Image-domain Translationcited by 1

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