The iNaturalist Species Classification and Detection Dataset
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Abstract (arXiv)
Existing image classification datasets used in computer vision tend to have a uniform distribution of images across object categories. In contrast, the natural world is heavily imbalanced, as some species are more abundant and easier to photograph than others. To encourage further progress in challenging real world conditions we present the iNaturalist species classification and detection dataset, consisting of 859,000 images from over 5,000 different species of plants and animals. It features visually similar species, captured in a wide variety of situations, from all over the world. Images were collected with different camera types, have varying image quality, feature a large class imbalance, and have been verified by multiple citizen scientists. We discuss the collection of the dataset and present extensive baseline experiments using state-of-the-art computer vision classification and detection models. Results show that current non-ensemble based methods achieve only 67% top one classification accuracy, illustrating the difficulty of the dataset. Specifically, we observe poor results for classes with small numbers of training examples suggesting more attention is needed in low-shot learning.
Key facts. Cited by 29 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 20 Jul 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 6; 2023: 7; 2024: 6; 2025: 2; 2026: 3.
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- 2021Incorporating Convolution Designs into Visual Transformerscited by 248
- 2021GraphSMOTE: Imbalanced Node Classification on Graphs with Graph Neural Networkscited by 147
- 2022Three things everyone should know about Vision Transformerscited by 90
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- 2024LTGC: Long-tail Recognition via Leveraging LLMs-driven Generated Contentcited by 33
- 2023MDCS: More Diverse Experts with Consistency Self-distillation for Long-tailed Recognitioncited by 19
- 2023Masked Modeling for Self-supervised Representation Learning on Vision and Beyondcited by 13
- 2022TopoImb: Toward Topology-level Imbalance in Learning from Graphscited by 12
- 2021The Curious Layperson: Fine-Grained Image Recognition without Expert Labelscited by 7
- 2022Scaling Novel Object Detection with Weakly Supervised Detection Transformerscited by 7
17 more
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- 2022Synthetic Over-sampling for Imbalanced Node Classification with Graph Neural Networkscited by 6
- 2024LTRL: Boosting Long-tail Recognition via Reflective Learningcited by 6
- 2025Leveraging Intermediate Representations for Better Out-of-Distribution Detectioncited by 5
- 2024Enhancing Fine-Grained Image Classifications via Cascaded Vision Language Modelscited by 4
- 2023A Functional Data Perspective and Baseline On Multi-Layer Out-of-Distribution Detectioncited by 2
- 2023EViT: An Eagle Vision Transformer with Bi-Fovea Self-Attentioncited by 1
- 2024Combine and Conquer: A Meta-Analysis on Data Shift and Out-of-Distribution Detectioncited by 1
- 2026Falcon Perceptioncited by 1
- 2021Size Matterscited by 0
- 2022Improving self-supervised representation learning via sequential adversarial maskingcited by 0
- 2024Predicting Internet Connectivity in Schools: A Feasibility Study Leveraging Multi-modal Data and Location Encoders in Low-Resource Settingscited by 0
- 2025TSRE: Channel-Aware Typical Set Refinement for Out-of-Distribution Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Bounding Box Anomaly Scoring for simple and efficient Out-of-Distribution detectioncited by 0
- 2026HAND: A Biologically-Inspired Activation Function that Improves Generalisation and Sample Efficiency in Image Classificationcited by 0
- 2026HAND: A Biologically-Inspired Activation Function that Improves Generalisation and Sample Efficiency in Image Classification8 Oct 2026
- 2026Falcon Perception28 Mar 2026
- 2026Bounding Box Anomaly Scoring for simple and efficient Out-of-Distribution detection24 Mar 2026
- 2025TSRE: Channel-Aware Typical Set Refinement for Out-of-Distribution Detection19 Nov 2025
- 2025Leveraging Intermediate Representations for Better Out-of-Distribution Detection18 Feb 2025
- 2024Predicting Internet Connectivity in Schools: A Feasibility Study Leveraging Multi-modal Data and Location Encoders in Low-Resource Settings13 Dec 2024
- 2024Superpixel Tokenization for Vision Transformers: Preserving Semantic Integrity in Visual Tokens6 Dec 2024
- 2024LTRL: Boosting Long-tail Recognition via Reflective Learning17 Jul 2024
- 2024Combine and Conquer: A Meta-Analysis on Data Shift and Out-of-Distribution Detection23 Jun 2024
- 2024Enhancing Fine-Grained Image Classifications via Cascaded Vision Language Models18 May 2024
- 2024LTGC: Long-tail Recognition via Leveraging LLMs-driven Generated Content9 Mar 2024
- 2023Masked Modeling for Self-supervised Representation Learning on Vision and Beyond31 Dec 2023
17 more
- 2023NECO: NEural Collapse Based Out-of-distribution detection10 Oct 2023
- 2023EViT: An Eagle Vision Transformer with Bi-Fovea Self-Attention10 Oct 2023
- 2023MDCS: More Diverse Experts with Consistency Self-distillation for Long-tailed Recognition19 Aug 2023
- 2023Threshold-Consistent Margin Loss for Open-World Deep Metric Learning8 Jul 2023
- 2023A Functional Data Perspective and Baseline On Multi-Layer Out-of-Distribution Detection6 Jun 2023
- 2023Train/Test-Time Adaptation with Retrieval25 Mar 2023
- 2022TopoImb: Toward Topology-level Imbalance in Learning from Graphs16 Dec 2022
- 2022Improving self-supervised representation learning via sequential adversarial masking16 Dec 2022
- 2022Semi-supervised Vision Transformers at Scale11 Aug 2022
- 2022Scaling Novel Object Detection with Weakly Supervised Detection Transformers11 Jul 2022
- 2022Synthetic Over-sampling for Imbalanced Node Classification with Graph Neural Networks10 Jun 2022
- 2022Three things everyone should know about Vision Transformers18 Mar 2022
- 2021The Curious Layperson: Fine-Grained Image Recognition without Expert Labels5 Nov 2021
- 2021Distributional Robustness Loss for Long-tail Learning7 Apr 2021
- 2021Incorporating Convolution Designs into Visual Transformers22 Mar 2021
- 2021GraphSMOTE: Imbalanced Node Classification on Graphs with Graph Neural Networks16 Mar 2021
- 2021Size Matters2 Feb 2021
- 2021Incorporating Convolution Designs into Visual Transformerscited by 248
- 2021GraphSMOTE: Imbalanced Node Classification on Graphs with Graph Neural Networkscited by 147
- 2022Three things everyone should know about Vision Transformerscited by 90
- 2021Distributional Robustness Loss for Long-tail Learningcited by 84
- 2022Semi-supervised Vision Transformers at Scalecited by 49
- 2023NECO: NEural Collapse Based Out-of-distribution detectioncited by 42
- 2024LTGC: Long-tail Recognition via Leveraging LLMs-driven Generated Contentcited by 33
- 2023Masked Modeling for Self-supervised Representation Learning on Vision and Beyondcited by 13
- 2022TopoImb: Toward Topology-level Imbalance in Learning from Graphscited by 12
- 2021The Curious Layperson: Fine-Grained Image Recognition without Expert Labelscited by 7
- 2022Scaling Novel Object Detection with Weakly Supervised Detection Transformerscited by 7
- 2023Train/Test-Time Adaptation with Retrievalcited by 7
12 most cited of 27 All 27 (JSON)
- 2026HAND: A Biologically-Inspired Activation Function that Improves Generalisation and Sample Efficiency in Image Classification8 Oct 2026
- 2026Falcon Perception28 Mar 2026
- 2026Bounding Box Anomaly Scoring for simple and efficient Out-of-Distribution detection24 Mar 2026
- 2025TSRE: Channel-Aware Typical Set Refinement for Out-of-Distribution Detection19 Nov 2025
- 2025Leveraging Intermediate Representations for Better Out-of-Distribution Detection18 Feb 2025
- 2024Predicting Internet Connectivity in Schools: A Feasibility Study Leveraging Multi-modal Data and Location Encoders in Low-Resource Settings13 Dec 2024
- 2024Superpixel Tokenization for Vision Transformers: Preserving Semantic Integrity in Visual Tokens6 Dec 2024
- 2024LTRL: Boosting Long-tail Recognition via Reflective Learning17 Jul 2024
- 2024Combine and Conquer: A Meta-Analysis on Data Shift and Out-of-Distribution Detection23 Jun 2024
- 2024LTGC: Long-tail Recognition via Leveraging LLMs-driven Generated Content9 Mar 2024
- 2023Masked Modeling for Self-supervised Representation Learning on Vision and Beyond31 Dec 2023
- 2023NECO: NEural Collapse Based Out-of-distribution detection10 Oct 2023
12 newest of 27 All 27 (JSON)