mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Machine Comprehension by Text-to-Text Neural Question Generation

arXiv 1705.02012 ↗First posted 4 May 2017cs.CLcited by 32

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Abstract (arXiv)

We propose a recurrent neural model that generates natural-language questions from documents, conditioned on answers. We show how to train the model using a combination of supervised and reinforcement learning. After teacher forcing for standard maximum likelihood training, we fine-tune the model using policy gradient techniques to maximize several rewards that measure question quality. Most notably, one of these rewards is the performance of a question-answering system. We motivate question generation as a means to improve the performance of question answering systems. Our model is trained and evaluated on the recent question-answering dataset SQuAD.

Key facts. Cited by 32 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 4 May 2017.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 9; 2023: 10; 2024: 7; 2025: 1; 2026: 1.

32 papers.

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  1. 2024Leveraging Large Language Models for Learning Complex Legal Concepts through Storytellingcited by 23
  2. 2022Question Generation for Reading Comprehension Assessment by Modeling How and What to Askcited by 20
  3. 2024Text Generation: A Systematic Literature Review of Tasks, Evaluation, and Challengescited by 18
  4. 2022Selecting Better Samples from Pre-trained LLMs: A Case Study on Question Generationcited by 17
  5. 2022Low-Resource Dense Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answering: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 14
  6. 2021A Survey of Natural Language Generationcited by 13
  7. 2022Asking for Knowledge: Training RL Agents to Query External Knowledge Using Languagecited by 10
  8. 2023Diversify Question Generation with Retrieval-Augmented Style Transfercited by 10
  9. 2022QAScore -- An Unsupervised Unreferenced Metric for the Question Generation Evaluationcited by 9
  10. 2021OneStop QAMaker: Extract Question-Answer Pairs from Text in a One-Stop Approachcited by 7
  11. 2021Self-Teaching Machines to Read and Comprehend with Large-Scale Multi-Subject Question-Answering Datacited by 6
  12. 2022Evaluation of Question Answering Systems: Complexity of judging a natural languagecited by 5
20 more
  1. 2023Automatic Answerability Evaluation for Question Generationcited by 5
  2. 2023Diversity Enhanced Narrative Question Generation for Storybookscited by 5
  3. 2024Automatic Generation and Evaluation of Reading Comprehension Test Items with Large Language Modelscited by 5
  4. 2021AnswerQuest: A System for Generating Question-Answer Items from Multi-Paragraph Documentscited by 4
  5. 2023M-SENSE: Modeling Narrative Structure in Short Personal Narratives Using Protagonist's Mental Representationscited by 3
  6. 2023Exploring the Potential of Large Language Models in Generating Code-Tracing Questions for Introductory Programming Coursescited by 3
  7. 2024Survey of Natural Language Processing for Education: Taxonomy, Systematic Review, and Future Trendscited by 3
  8. 2024E-QGen: Educational Lecture Abstract-based Question Generation Systemcited by 3
  9. 2022Learning by Asking Questions for Knowledge-based Novel Object Recognitioncited by 2
  10. 2023Weakly-Supervised Questions for Zero-Shot Relation Extractioncited by 2
  11. 2022On the Evaluation of Answer-Agnostic Paragraph-level Multi-Question Generationcited by 1
  12. 2022Automatic question generation based on sentence structure analysis using machine learning approachcited by 1
  13. 2023Inflected Forms Are Redundant in Question Generation Modelscited by 1
  14. 2023Prompt-Engineering and Transformer-based Question Generation and Evaluationcited by 1
  15. 2024Automating Turkish Educational Quiz Generation Using Large Language Modelscited by 1
  16. 2025Semantic Bridge: Universal Multi-Hop Question Generation via AMR-Driven Graph Synthesiscited by 1
  17. 2023Using Implicit Feedback to Improve Question Generationcited by 0
  18. 2023Exploring Answer Information Methods for Question Generation with Transformerscited by 0
  19. 2024Auto FAQ Generationcited by 0
  20. 2026HintMiner: Automatic Question Hints Mining From Q&A Web Posts with Language Model via Self-Supervised Learningcited by 0