Mean Birds: Detecting Aggression and Bullying on Twitter
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Abstract (arXiv)
In recent years, bullying and aggression against users on social media have grown significantly, causing serious consequences to victims of all demographics. In particular, cyberbullying affects more than half of young social media users worldwide, and has also led to teenage suicides, prompted by prolonged and/or coordinated digital harassment. Nonetheless, tools and technologies for understanding and mitigating it are scarce and mostly ineffective. In this paper, we present a principled and scalable approach to detect bullying and aggressive behavior on Twitter. We propose a robust methodology for extracting text, user, and network-based attributes, studying the properties of cyberbullies and aggressors, and what features distinguish them from regular users. We find that bully users post less, participate in fewer online communities, and are less popular than normal users, while aggressors are quite popular and tend to include more negativity in their posts. We evaluate our methodology using a corpus of 1.6M tweets posted over 3 months, and show that machine learning classification algorithms can accurately detect users exhibiting bullying and aggressive behavior, achieving over 90% AUC.
Key facts. Cited by 29 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 22 Feb 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 11; 2022: 6; 2023: 4; 2024: 5; 2025: 3.
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- 2021Disentangling Hate in Online Memescited by 46
- 2022Large-Scale Hate Speech Detection with Cross-Domain Transfercited by 39
- 2021Explainable AI: current status and future directionscited by 32
- 2021DeepHate: Hate Speech Detection via Multi-Faceted Text Representationscited by 29
- 2021"Subverting the Jewtocracy": Online Antisemitism Detection Using Multimodal Deep Learningcited by 21
- 2021Data Expansion using Back Translation and Paraphrasing for Hate Speech Detectioncited by 20
- 2021Abuse is Contextual, What about NLP? The Role of Context in Abusive Language Annotation and Detectioncited by 19
- 2022Session-based Cyberbullying Detection in Social Media: A Surveycited by 10
- 2022Reliable Decision from Multiple Subtasks through Threshold Optimization: Content Moderation in the Wildcited by 7
- 2021RECAST: Enabling User Recourse and Interpretability of Toxicity Detection Models with Interactive Visualizationcited by 6
- 2024Decoding Hate: Exploring Language Models' Reactions to Hate Speechcited by 6
- 2021Cross-lingual hate speech detection based on multilingual domain-specific word embeddingscited by 4
17 more
- 2021"Stop Asian Hate!" : Refining Detection of Anti-Asian Hate Speech During the COVID-19 Pandemiccited by 4
- 2022Enriching Abusive Language Detection with Community Contextcited by 3
- 2025Bridging Gaps in Hate Speech Detection: Meta-Collections and Benchmarks for Low-Resource Iberian Languagescited by 2
- 2021Tackling Racial Bias in Automated Online Hate Detection: Towards Fair and Accurate Classification of Hateful Online Users Using Geometric Deep Learningcited by 1
- 2023Russo-Ukrainian War: Prediction and explanation of Twitter suspensioncited by 1
- 2025SynBullying: A Multi LLM Synthetic Conversational Dataset for Cyberbullying Detectioncited by 1
- 2021Improving Automatic Hate Speech Detection with Multiword Expression Featurescited by 0
- 2022Effect of Toxic Review Content on Overall Product Sentimentcited by 0
- 2022Privacy-Preserving Online Content Moderation: A Federated Learning Use Casecited by 0
- 2023Oversampling Higher-Performing Minorities During Machine Learning Model Training Reduces Adverse Impact Slightly but Also Reduces Model Accuracycited by 0
- 2023User Identity Linkage in Social Media Using Linguistic and Social Interaction Featurescited by 0
- 2023A Survey on Online User Aggression: Content Detection and Behavioral Analysis on Social Mediacited by 0
- 2024The Unappreciated Role of Intent in Algorithmic Moderation of Social Media Contentcited by 0
- 2024ProvocationProbe: Instigating Hate Speech Dataset from Twittercited by 0
- 2024A Unified Multi-Task Learning Architecture for Hate Detection Leveraging User-Based Informationcited by 0
- 2024Exploration and Evaluation of Bias in Cyberbullying Detection with Machine Learningcited by 0
- 2025WATCHED: A Web AI Agent Tool for Combating Hate Speech by Expanding Datacited by 0
- 2025SynBullying: A Multi LLM Synthetic Conversational Dataset for Cyberbullying Detection30 Oct 2025
- 2025Bridging Gaps in Hate Speech Detection: Meta-Collections and Benchmarks for Low-Resource Iberian Languages13 Oct 2025
- 2025WATCHED: A Web AI Agent Tool for Combating Hate Speech by Expanding Data1 Sep 2025
- 2024Exploration and Evaluation of Bias in Cyberbullying Detection with Machine Learning30 Nov 2024
- 2024A Unified Multi-Task Learning Architecture for Hate Detection Leveraging User-Based Information11 Nov 2024
- 2024ProvocationProbe: Instigating Hate Speech Dataset from Twitter25 Oct 2024
- 2024Decoding Hate: Exploring Language Models' Reactions to Hate Speech1 Oct 2024
- 2024The Unappreciated Role of Intent in Algorithmic Moderation of Social Media Content17 May 2024
- 2023A Survey on Online User Aggression: Content Detection and Behavioral Analysis on Social Media15 Nov 2023
- 2023User Identity Linkage in Social Media Using Linguistic and Social Interaction Features22 Aug 2023
- 2023Russo-Ukrainian War: Prediction and explanation of Twitter suspension6 Jun 2023
- 2023Oversampling Higher-Performing Minorities During Machine Learning Model Training Reduces Adverse Impact Slightly but Also Reduces Model Accuracy27 Apr 2023
17 more
- 2022Privacy-Preserving Online Content Moderation: A Federated Learning Use Case23 Sep 2022
- 2022Reliable Decision from Multiple Subtasks through Threshold Optimization: Content Moderation in the Wild16 Aug 2022
- 2022Session-based Cyberbullying Detection in Social Media: A Survey14 Jul 2022
- 2022Enriching Abusive Language Detection with Community Context16 Jun 2022
- 2022Large-Scale Hate Speech Detection with Cross-Domain Transfer2 Mar 2022
- 2022Effect of Toxic Review Content on Overall Product Sentiment8 Jan 2022
- 2021"Stop Asian Hate!" : Refining Detection of Anti-Asian Hate Speech During the COVID-19 Pandemic4 Dec 2021
- 2021Disentangling Hate in Online Memes9 Aug 2021
- 2021Explainable AI: current status and future directions12 Jul 2021
- 2021Improving Automatic Hate Speech Detection with Multiword Expression Features1 Jun 2021
- 2021Data Expansion using Back Translation and Paraphrasing for Hate Speech Detection25 May 2021
- 2021Cross-lingual hate speech detection based on multilingual domain-specific word embeddings30 Apr 2021
- 2021"Subverting the Jewtocracy": Online Antisemitism Detection Using Multimodal Deep Learning13 Apr 2021
- 2021Abuse is Contextual, What about NLP? The Role of Context in Abusive Language Annotation and Detection27 Mar 2021
- 2021Tackling Racial Bias in Automated Online Hate Detection: Towards Fair and Accurate Classification of Hateful Online Users Using Geometric Deep Learning22 Mar 2021
- 2021DeepHate: Hate Speech Detection via Multi-Faceted Text Representations14 Mar 2021
- 2021RECAST: Enabling User Recourse and Interpretability of Toxicity Detection Models with Interactive Visualization8 Feb 2021
- 2021Disentangling Hate in Online Memescited by 46
- 2022Large-Scale Hate Speech Detection with Cross-Domain Transfercited by 39
- 2021Explainable AI: current status and future directionscited by 32
- 2021DeepHate: Hate Speech Detection via Multi-Faceted Text Representationscited by 29
- 2021"Subverting the Jewtocracy": Online Antisemitism Detection Using Multimodal Deep Learningcited by 21
- 2021Data Expansion using Back Translation and Paraphrasing for Hate Speech Detectioncited by 20
- 2021Abuse is Contextual, What about NLP? The Role of Context in Abusive Language Annotation and Detectioncited by 19
- 2022Session-based Cyberbullying Detection in Social Media: A Surveycited by 10
- 2021RECAST: Enabling User Recourse and Interpretability of Toxicity Detection Models with Interactive Visualizationcited by 6
- 2024Decoding Hate: Exploring Language Models' Reactions to Hate Speechcited by 6
- 2021Cross-lingual hate speech detection based on multilingual domain-specific word embeddingscited by 4
- 2021"Stop Asian Hate!" : Refining Detection of Anti-Asian Hate Speech During the COVID-19 Pandemiccited by 4
12 most cited of 26 All 26 (JSON)
- 2025SynBullying: A Multi LLM Synthetic Conversational Dataset for Cyberbullying Detection30 Oct 2025
- 2025Bridging Gaps in Hate Speech Detection: Meta-Collections and Benchmarks for Low-Resource Iberian Languages13 Oct 2025
- 2024Exploration and Evaluation of Bias in Cyberbullying Detection with Machine Learning30 Nov 2024
- 2024A Unified Multi-Task Learning Architecture for Hate Detection Leveraging User-Based Information11 Nov 2024
- 2024ProvocationProbe: Instigating Hate Speech Dataset from Twitter25 Oct 2024
- 2024Decoding Hate: Exploring Language Models' Reactions to Hate Speech1 Oct 2024
- 2024The Unappreciated Role of Intent in Algorithmic Moderation of Social Media Content17 May 2024
- 2023A Survey on Online User Aggression: Content Detection and Behavioral Analysis on Social Media15 Nov 2023
- 2023User Identity Linkage in Social Media Using Linguistic and Social Interaction Features22 Aug 2023
- 2023Russo-Ukrainian War: Prediction and explanation of Twitter suspension6 Jun 2023
- 2023Oversampling Higher-Performing Minorities During Machine Learning Model Training Reduces Adverse Impact Slightly but Also Reduces Model Accuracy27 Apr 2023
- 2022Session-based Cyberbullying Detection in Social Media: A Survey14 Jul 2022
12 newest of 26 All 26 (JSON)