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Convolutional Recurrent Neural Networks for Music Classification

arXiv 1609.04243 ↗First posted 14 Sep 2016cs.NE cs.LG cs.MMcited by 49

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Abstract (arXiv)

We introduce a convolutional recurrent neural network (CRNN) for music tagging. CRNNs take advantage of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for local feature extraction and recurrent neural networks for temporal summarisation of the extracted features. We compare CRNN with three CNN structures that have been used for music tagging while controlling the number of parameters with respect to their performance and training time per sample. Overall, we found that CRNNs show a strong performance with respect to the number of parameter and training time, indicating the effectiveness of its hybrid structure in music feature extraction and feature summarisation.

Key facts. Cited by 49 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 14 Sep 2016.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 14; 2022: 11; 2023: 11; 2024: 5; 2025: 4; 2026: 4.

49 papers.

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  1. 2021Google Neural Network Models for Edge Devices: Analyzing and Mitigating Machine Learning Inference Bottleneckscited by 22
  2. 2023MusicAgent: An AI Agent for Music Understanding and Generation with Large Language Modelscited by 20
  3. 2021Reverse engineering recurrent neural networks with Jacobian switching linear dynamical systemscited by 17
  4. 2025The iNaturalist Sounds Datasetcited by 17
  5. 2021SpecTNT: a Time-Frequency Transformer for Music Audiocited by 15
  6. 2022Contrastive Learning with Positive-Negative Frame Mask for Music Representationcited by 10
  7. 2024Natural Language Processing Methods for Symbolic Music Generation and Information Retrieval: a Surveycited by 10
  8. 2021Multi-view Audio and Music Classificationcited by 8
  9. 2022A Dataset for Greek Traditional and Folk Music: Lyracited by 8
  10. 2021Mitigating Edge Machine Learning Inference Bottlenecks: An Empirical Study on Accelerating Google Edge Modelscited by 7
  11. 2021VPN: Video Provenance Network for Robust Content Attributioncited by 7
  12. 2022Graph Convolutional Neural Networks with Diverse Negative Samples via Decomposed Determinant Point Processescited by 7
37 more
  1. 2022POPNASv3: a Pareto-Optimal Neural Architecture Search Solution for Image and Time Series Classificationcited by 7
  2. 2021Melon Playlist Dataset: a public dataset for audio-based playlist generation and music taggingcited by 5
  3. 2021Driving Style Representation in Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network Model of Driver Identificationcited by 5
  4. 2022Towards Proper Contrastive Self-supervised Learning Strategies For Music Audio Representationcited by 5
  5. 2023Joint Music and Language Attention Models for Zero-shot Music Taggingcited by 5
  6. 2021Visualizing Ensemble Predictions of Music Moodcited by 4
  7. 2022Exploiting Negative Preference in Content-based Music Recommendation with Contrastive Learningcited by 4
  8. 2021A Comparative Study of Speaker Role Identification in Air Traffic Communication Using Deep Learning Approachescited by 3
  9. 2021Semi-supervised music emotion recognition using noisy student training and harmonic pitch class profilescited by 3
  10. 2022Enemy Spotted: in-game gun sound dataset for gunshot classification and localizationcited by 3
  11. 2023jazznet: A Dataset of Fundamental Piano Patterns for Music Audio Machine Learning Researchcited by 3
  12. 2023Dual input neural networks for positional sound source localizationcited by 3
  13. 2023AudRandAug: Random Image Augmentations for Audio Classificationcited by 3
  14. 2021Artificially Synthesising Data for Audio Classification and Segmentation to Improve Speech and Music Detection in Radio Broadcastcited by 2
  15. 2021CRNNTL: convolutional recurrent neural network and transfer learning for QSAR modellingcited by 1
  16. 2022Polyphonic pitch detection with convolutional recurrent neural networkscited by 1
  17. 2022A Study on Broadcast Networks for Music Genre Classificationcited by 1
  18. 2023PrimaDNN': A Characteristics-aware DNN Customization for Singing Technique Detectioncited by 1
  19. 2023Differentiable short-time Fourier transform with respect to the hop lengthcited by 1
  20. 2024Music Auto-Tagging with Robust Music Representation Learned via Domain Adversarial Trainingcited by 1
  21. 2024EAViT: External Attention Vision Transformer for Audio Classificationcited by 1
  22. 2021MuSLCAT: Multi-Scale Multi-Level Convolutional Attention Transformer for Discriminative Music Modeling on Raw Waveformscited by 0
  23. 2022MATT: A Multiple-instance Attention Mechanism for Long-tail Music Genre Classificationcited by 0
  24. 2022Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Reading Music Systemscited by 0
  25. 2023Improving Primate Sounds Classification using Binary Presorting for Deep Learningcited by 0
  26. 2023Asca: less audio data is more insightfulcited by 0
  27. 2023Pruning random resistive memory for optimizing analogue AIcited by 0
  28. 2023Formal Verification of Long Short-Term Memory based Audio Classifiers: A Star based Approachcited by 0
  29. 2024Music Genre Classification using Large Language Modelscited by 0
  30. 2024Transfer Learning in Vocal Education: Technical Evaluation of Limited Samples Describing Mezzo-sopranocited by 0
  31. 2025Progressive Rock Music Classificationcited by 0
  32. 2025Spectral and Rhythm Feature Performance Evaluation for Category and Class Level Audio Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 0
  33. 2025Memo2496: Expert-Annotated Dataset and Dual-view Adaptive Framework for Music Emotion Recognitioncited by 0
  34. 2026Voices of the Mountains: Deep Learning-Based Vocal Error Detection System for Kurdish Maqamscited by 0
  35. 2026Music Genre Classification: A Comparative Analysis of Classical Machine Learning and Deep Learning Approachescited by 0
  36. 2026Structural Bottlenecks on Frequency Representation in End-to-End Audio Modelscited by 0
  37. 2026Decay-Region Group Delay as a Forensic Cue for AI-Generated Impulsive Soundscited by 0