mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

CAT2000: A Large Scale Fixation Dataset for Boosting Saliency Research

arXiv 1505.03581 ↗First posted 14 May 2015cs.CVcited by 52

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Abstract (arXiv)

Saliency modeling has been an active research area in computer vision for about two decades. Existing state of the art models perform very well in predicting where people look in natural scenes. There is, however, the risk that these models may have been overfitting themselves to available small scale biased datasets, thus trapping the progress in a local minimum. To gain a deeper insight regarding current issues in saliency modeling and to better gauge progress, we recorded eye movements of 120 observers while they freely viewed a large number of naturalistic and artificial images. Our stimuli includes 4000 images; 200 from each of 20 categories covering different types of scenes such as Cartoons, Art, Objects, Low resolution images, Indoor, Outdoor, Jumbled, Random, and Line drawings. We analyze some basic properties of this dataset and compare some successful models. We believe that our dataset opens new challenges for the next generation of saliency models and helps conduct behavioral studies on bottom-up visual attention.

Key facts. Cited by 52 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 14 May 2015.

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Citing papers per year: 2019: 1; 2020: 0; 2021: 10; 2022: 5; 2023: 8; 2024: 14; 2025: 7; 2026: 7.

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  1. 2021DeepGaze IIE: Calibrated prediction in and out-of-domain for state-of-the-art saliency modelingcited by 56
  2. 2024Explainable AI for Safe and Trustworthy Autonomous Driving: A Systematic Reviewcited by 53
  3. 2021TranSalNet: Towards perceptually relevant visual saliency predictioncited by 44
  4. 2019MEDIRL: Predicting the Visual Attention of Drivers via Maximum Entropy Deep Inverse Reinforcement Learningcited by 29
  5. 2021GOO: A Dataset for Gaze Object Prediction in Retail Environmentscited by 26
  6. 2023TempSAL -- Uncovering Temporal Information for Deep Saliency Predictioncited by 25
  7. 2021State-of-the-Art in Human Scanpath Predictioncited by 22
  8. 2021Image Cropping on Twitter: Fairness Metrics, their Limitations, and the Importance of Representation, Design, and Agencycited by 22
  9. 2023Unsupervised Self-Driving Attention Prediction via Uncertainty Mining and Knowledge Embeddingcited by 19
  10. 2022Rectify ViT Shortcut Learning by Visual Saliencycited by 14
  11. 2024Beyond Average: Individualized Visual Scanpath Predictioncited by 12
  12. 2024SUM: Saliency Unification through Mamba for Visual Attention Modelingcited by 12
38 more
  1. 2022Behind the Machine's Gaze: Neural Networks with Biologically-inspired Constraints Exhibit Human-like Visual Attentioncited by 7
  2. 2023UniAR: A Unified model for predicting human Attention and Responses on visual contentcited by 7
  3. 2024How is Visual Attention Influenced by Text Guidance? Database and Modelcited by 7
  4. 2024Brand Visibility in Packaging: A Deep Learning Approach for Logo Detection, Saliency-Map Prediction, and Logo Placement Analysiscited by 6
  5. 2024Data Augmentation via Latent Diffusion for Saliency Predictioncited by 5
  6. 2025DiffEye: Diffusion-Based Continuous Eye-Tracking Data Generation Conditioned on Natural Imagescited by 5
  7. 2023What Do Deep Saliency Models Learn about Visual Attention?cited by 4
  8. 2024GazeFusion: Saliency-Guided Image Generationcited by 4
  9. 2024RClicks: Realistic Click Simulation for Benchmarking Interactive Segmentationcited by 4
  10. 2025Modeling Saliency Dataset Biascited by 4
  11. 2021A Dataset for Provident Vehicle Detection at Nightcited by 3
  12. 2023Survey of Consciousness Theory from Computational Perspectivecited by 3
  13. 2021Matching Representations of Explainable Artificial Intelligence and Eye Gaze for Human-Machine Interactioncited by 2
  14. 2021Modeling Object Dissimilarity for Deep Saliency Predictioncited by 2
  15. 2023Learning Saliency From Fixationscited by 2
  16. 2024DiffGaze: A Diffusion Model for Continuous Gaze Sequence Generation on 360deg Imagescited by 2
  17. 2024Varying Manifolds in Diffusion: From Time-varying Geometries to Visual Saliencycited by 2
  18. 2025Quality Assessment and Distortion-aware Saliency Prediction for AI-Generated Omnidirectional Imagescited by 2
  19. 2025Towards Physics-informed Spatial Intelligence with Human Priors: An Autonomous Driving Pilot Studycited by 2
  20. 2022Attention in Reasoning: Dataset, Analysis, and Modelingcited by 1
  21. 2023NPF-200: A Multi-Modal Eye Fixation Dataset and Method for Non-Photorealistic Videoscited by 1
  22. 2024Semantic-Based Active Perception for Humanoid Visual Tasks with Foveal Sensorscited by 1
  23. 2024Bridging the Gap Between Saliency Prediction and Image Quality Assessmentcited by 1
  24. 2024MDS-ViTNet: Improving saliency prediction for Eye-Tracking with Vision Transformercited by 1
  25. 2024VISTA: A Visual and Textual Attention Dataset for Interpreting Multimodal Modelscited by 1
  26. 2026Raising the Ceiling: Better Empirical Fixation Densities for Saliency Benchmarkingcited by 1
  27. 2026Attend to Anything: Foundation Model for Unified Human Attention Modelingcited by 1
  28. 2026DeepGaze3.5-VL: Modeling Scanpaths via Autoregressive Token Predictioncited by 1
  29. 2021Noise-Aware Video Saliency Predictioncited by 0
  30. 2021Saliency for free: Saliency prediction as a side-effect of object recognitioncited by 0
  31. 2022Combining Visual Saliency Methods and Sparse Keypoint Annotations to Providently Detect Vehicles at Nightcited by 0
  32. 2022Saliency map using features derived from spiking neural networks of primate visual cortexcited by 0
  33. 2023Int-HRL: Towards Intention-based Hierarchical Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
  34. 2025Visual Attention Graphcited by 0
  35. 2025A Comparative Study of Scanpath Models in Graph-Based Visualizationcited by 0
  36. 2025EEG-Driven Image Reconstruction with Saliency-Guided Diffusion Modelscited by 0
  37. 2026ObjectVisA-120: Object-based Visual Attention Prediction in Interactive Street-crossing Environmentscited by 0
  38. 2026Gaze-DETR: Top-Down Guidance Through Priority Maps for Infrared Weak-Small UAV Detection with DETRcited by 0

50 most cited of 52 All 52 (JSON)