A Survey on Truth Discovery
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Abstract (arXiv)
Thanks to information explosion, data for the objects of interest can be collected from increasingly more sources. However, for the same object, there usually exist conflicts among the collected multi-source information. To tackle this challenge, truth discovery, which integrates multi-source noisy information by estimating the reliability of each source, has emerged as a hot topic. Several truth discovery methods have been proposed for various scenarios, and they have been successfully applied in diverse application domains. In this survey, we focus on providing a comprehensive overview of truth discovery methods, and summarizing them from different aspects. We also discuss some future directions of truth discovery research. We hope that this survey will promote a better understanding of the current progress on truth discovery, and offer some guidelines on how to apply these approaches in application domains.
Key facts. Cited by 36 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 11 May 2015.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 14; 2022: 8; 2023: 2; 2024: 4; 2025: 1; 2026: 7.
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- 2021A Survey on Automated Fact-Checkingcited by 376
- 2023Survey on Factuality in Large Language Models: Knowledge, Retrieval and Domain-Specificitycited by 204
- 2021Automated Fact-Checking for Assisting Human Fact-Checkerscited by 144
- 2021A Survey on Multimodal Disinformation Detectioncited by 47
- 2024Peering into the Mind of Language Models: An Approach for Attribution in Contextual Question Answeringcited by 25
- 2021Assisting the Human Fact-Checkers: Detecting All Previously Fact-Checked Claims in a Documentcited by 19
- 2022Saga: A Platform for Continuous Construction and Serving of Knowledge At Scalecited by 18
- 2021The Role of Context in Detecting Previously Fact-Checked Claimscited by 17
- 2021Findings of the NLP4IF-2021 Shared Tasks on Fighting the COVID-19 Infodemic and Censorship Detectioncited by 14
- 2021Data Poisoning Attacks and Defenses to Crowdsourcing Systemscited by 12
- 2021Dataset of Fake News Detection and Fact Verification: A Surveycited by 11
- 2022CrowdChecked: Detecting Previously Fact-Checked Claims in Social Mediacited by 9
24 more
- 2021From Personalized Medicine to Population Health: A Survey of mHealth Sensing Techniquescited by 7
- 2024Reliability Estimation of News Media Sources: Birds of a Feather Flock Togethercited by 7
- 2021Robust and Fully-Dynamic Coreset for Continuous-and-Bounded Learning (With Outliers) Problemscited by 6
- 2021Truth Discovery in Sequence Labels from Crowdscited by 6
- 2021A Second Pandemic? Analysis of Fake News About COVID-19 Vaccines in Qatarcited by 5
- 2024Uncertainty Management in the Construction of Knowledge Graphs: a Surveycited by 5
- 2021Adversarial Attacks and Defenses for Social Network Text Processing Applications: Techniques, Challenges and Future Research Directionscited by 4
- 2022Combining Machine Learning with Knowledge Engineering to detect Fake News in Social Networks-a surveycited by 4
- 2022Trustworthy Knowledge Graph Completion Based on Multi-sourced Noisy Datacited by 4
- 2021WhatTheWikiFact: Fact-Checking Claims Against Wikipediacited by 3
- 2022Empirical Bayes approach to Truth Discovery problemscited by 2
- 2022A Light-weight, Effective and Efficient Model for Label Aggregation in Crowdsourcingcited by 2
- 2026Objective Decoupling in Social Reinforcement Learning: Recovering Ground Truth from Sycophantic Majoritiescited by 2
- 2023Nexus at ArAIEval Shared Task: Fine-Tuning Arabic Language Models for Propaganda and Disinformation Detectioncited by 1
- 2024Connecting Large Language Models with Blockchain: Advancing the Evolution of Smart Contracts from Automation to Intelligencecited by 1
- 2025E-CaTCH: Event-Centric Cross-Modal Attention with Temporal Consistency and Class-Imbalance Handling for Misinformation Detectioncited by 1
- 2022CPTAM: Constituency Parse Tree Aggregation Methodcited by 0
- 2022Who's the Expert? On Multi-source Belief Changecited by 0
- 2026Causal Discovery Should Embrace the Wisdom of the Crowdcited by 0
- 2026Learning When to Trust in Contextual Social Banditscited by 0
- 2026Single and Multi Truth Data Fusion using Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026CoVer: Conflict-Aware Claim Verificationcited by 0
- 2026The Civilization Framework: Sovereign-Anchored Communication Between Personal Multi-Agent Systemscited by 0
- 2026SoK: Formal Methods for Fact-Checking and Information Integritycited by 0
- 2026SoK: Formal Methods for Fact-Checking and Information Integrity19 Sep 2026
- 2026The Civilization Framework: Sovereign-Anchored Communication Between Personal Multi-Agent Systems3 Sep 2026
- 2026CoVer: Conflict-Aware Claim Verification1 Sep 2026
- 2026Single and Multi Truth Data Fusion using Large Language Models26 Jun 2026
- 2026Learning When to Trust in Contextual Social Bandits9 Mar 2026
- 2026Causal Discovery Should Embrace the Wisdom of the Crowd3 Mar 2026
- 2026Objective Decoupling in Social Reinforcement Learning: Recovering Ground Truth from Sycophantic Majorities8 Feb 2026
- 2025E-CaTCH: Event-Centric Cross-Modal Attention with Temporal Consistency and Class-Imbalance Handling for Misinformation Detection15 Aug 2025
- 2024Connecting Large Language Models with Blockchain: Advancing the Evolution of Smart Contracts from Automation to Intelligence3 Dec 2024
- 2024Peering into the Mind of Language Models: An Approach for Attribution in Contextual Question Answering28 May 2024
- 2024Uncertainty Management in the Construction of Knowledge Graphs: a Survey27 May 2024
- 2024Reliability Estimation of News Media Sources: Birds of a Feather Flock Together15 Apr 2024
24 more
- 2023Nexus at ArAIEval Shared Task: Fine-Tuning Arabic Language Models for Propaganda and Disinformation Detection6 Nov 2023
- 2023Survey on Factuality in Large Language Models: Knowledge, Retrieval and Domain-Specificity11 Oct 2023
- 2022A Light-weight, Effective and Efficient Model for Label Aggregation in Crowdsourcing19 Nov 2022
- 2022CrowdChecked: Detecting Previously Fact-Checked Claims in Social Media10 Oct 2022
- 2022Empirical Bayes approach to Truth Discovery problems9 Jun 2022
- 2022Who's the Expert? On Multi-source Belief Change29 Apr 2022
- 2022Saga: A Platform for Continuous Construction and Serving of Knowledge At Scale15 Apr 2022
- 2022Trustworthy Knowledge Graph Completion Based on Multi-sourced Noisy Data21 Jan 2022
- 2022Combining Machine Learning with Knowledge Engineering to detect Fake News in Social Networks-a survey20 Jan 2022
- 2022CPTAM: Constituency Parse Tree Aggregation Method19 Jan 2022
- 2021Dataset of Fake News Detection and Fact Verification: A Survey5 Nov 2021
- 2021Adversarial Attacks and Defenses for Social Network Text Processing Applications: Techniques, Challenges and Future Research Directions26 Oct 2021
- 2021Findings of the NLP4IF-2021 Shared Tasks on Fighting the COVID-19 Infodemic and Censorship Detection23 Sep 2021
- 2021A Second Pandemic? Analysis of Fake News About COVID-19 Vaccines in Qatar22 Sep 2021
- 2021Assisting the Human Fact-Checkers: Detecting All Previously Fact-Checked Claims in a Document14 Sep 2021
- 2021Truth Discovery in Sequence Labels from Crowds9 Sep 2021
- 2021A Survey on Automated Fact-Checking26 Aug 2021
- 2021From Personalized Medicine to Population Health: A Survey of mHealth Sensing Techniques2 Jul 2021
- 2021Robust and Fully-Dynamic Coreset for Continuous-and-Bounded Learning (With Outliers) Problems30 Jun 2021
- 2021WhatTheWikiFact: Fact-Checking Claims Against Wikipedia16 Apr 2021
- 2021The Role of Context in Detecting Previously Fact-Checked Claims15 Apr 2021
- 2021A Survey on Multimodal Disinformation Detection13 Mar 2021
- 2021Automated Fact-Checking for Assisting Human Fact-Checkers13 Mar 2021
- 2021Data Poisoning Attacks and Defenses to Crowdsourcing Systems18 Feb 2021
- 2021Data Poisoning Attacks and Defenses to Crowdsourcing Systemscited by 12
- 2021Data Poisoning Attacks and Defenses to Crowdsourcing Systems18 Feb 2021
- 2021A Survey on Automated Fact-Checkingcited by 376
- 2023Survey on Factuality in Large Language Models: Knowledge, Retrieval and Domain-Specificitycited by 204
- 2021Automated Fact-Checking for Assisting Human Fact-Checkerscited by 144
- 2021A Survey on Multimodal Disinformation Detectioncited by 47
- 2024Peering into the Mind of Language Models: An Approach for Attribution in Contextual Question Answeringcited by 25
- 2021Assisting the Human Fact-Checkers: Detecting All Previously Fact-Checked Claims in a Documentcited by 19
- 2022Saga: A Platform for Continuous Construction and Serving of Knowledge At Scalecited by 18
- 2021The Role of Context in Detecting Previously Fact-Checked Claimscited by 17
- 2021Findings of the NLP4IF-2021 Shared Tasks on Fighting the COVID-19 Infodemic and Censorship Detectioncited by 14
- 2021Dataset of Fake News Detection and Fact Verification: A Surveycited by 11
- 2022CrowdChecked: Detecting Previously Fact-Checked Claims in Social Mediacited by 9
- 2021From Personalized Medicine to Population Health: A Survey of mHealth Sensing Techniquescited by 7
12 most cited of 35 All 35 (JSON)
- 2026SoK: Formal Methods for Fact-Checking and Information Integrity19 Sep 2026
- 2026The Civilization Framework: Sovereign-Anchored Communication Between Personal Multi-Agent Systems3 Sep 2026
- 2026CoVer: Conflict-Aware Claim Verification1 Sep 2026
- 2026Single and Multi Truth Data Fusion using Large Language Models26 Jun 2026
- 2026Learning When to Trust in Contextual Social Bandits9 Mar 2026
- 2026Causal Discovery Should Embrace the Wisdom of the Crowd3 Mar 2026
- 2026Objective Decoupling in Social Reinforcement Learning: Recovering Ground Truth from Sycophantic Majorities8 Feb 2026
- 2025E-CaTCH: Event-Centric Cross-Modal Attention with Temporal Consistency and Class-Imbalance Handling for Misinformation Detection15 Aug 2025
- 2024Connecting Large Language Models with Blockchain: Advancing the Evolution of Smart Contracts from Automation to Intelligence3 Dec 2024
- 2024Peering into the Mind of Language Models: An Approach for Attribution in Contextual Question Answering28 May 2024
- 2024Uncertainty Management in the Construction of Knowledge Graphs: a Survey27 May 2024
- 2024Reliability Estimation of News Media Sources: Birds of a Feather Flock Together15 Apr 2024
12 newest of 35 All 35 (JSON)