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A Time Series Forest for Classification and Feature Extraction

arXiv 1302.2277 ↗First posted 9 Feb 2013cs.LGcited by 69

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Abstract (arXiv)

We propose a tree ensemble method, referred to as time series forest (TSF), for time series classification. TSF employs a combination of the entropy gain and a distance measure, referred to as the Entrance (entropy and distance) gain, for evaluating the splits. Experimental studies show that the Entrance gain criterion improves the accuracy of TSF. TSF randomly samples features at each tree node and has a computational complexity linear in the length of a time series and can be built using parallel computing techniques such as multi-core computing used here. The temporal importance curve is also proposed to capture the important temporal characteristics useful for classification. Experimental studies show that TSF using simple features such as mean, deviation and slope outperforms strong competitors such as one-nearest-neighbor classifiers with dynamic time warping, is computationally efficient, and can provide insights into the temporal characteristics.

Key facts. Cited by 69 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 Feb 2013.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 11; 2022: 10; 2023: 18; 2024: 16; 2025: 8; 2026: 6.

69 papers.

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  1. 2021HIVE-COTE 2.0: a new meta ensemble for time series classificationcited by 118
  2. 2023Bake off redux: a review and experimental evaluation of recent time series classification algorithmscited by 99
  3. 2021MultiRocket: Multiple pooling operators and transformations for fast and effective time series classificationcited by 89
  4. 2023Deep Learning for Time Series Classification and Extrinsic Regression: A Current Surveycited by 68
  5. 2023LightTS: Lightweight Time Series Classification with Adaptive Ensemble Distillation -- Extended Versioncited by 49
  6. 2024aeon: a Python toolkit for learning from time seriescited by 46
  7. 2023An Approach to Multiple Comparison Benchmark Evaluations that is Stable Under Manipulation of the Comparate Setcited by 27
  8. 2021The Temporal Dictionary Ensemble (TDE) Classifier for Time Series Classificationcited by 26
  9. 2023BrainNet: Epileptic Wave Detection from SEEG with Hierarchical Graph Diffusion Learningcited by 25
  10. 2022ClaSP -- Parameter-free Time Series Segmentationcited by 21
  11. 2022The FreshPRINCE: A Simple Transformation Based Pipeline Time Series Classifiercited by 18
  12. 2023QUANT: A Minimalist Interval Method for Time Series Classificationcited by 15
38 more
  1. 2021An Efficient Federated Distillation Learning System for Multi-task Time Series Classificationcited by 14
  2. 2021All-Clear Flare Prediction Using Interval-based Time Series Classifierscited by 13
  3. 2024Cross-Domain Pre-training with Language Models for Transferable Time Series Representationscited by 12
  4. 2024Advancing Time Series Classification with Multimodal Language Modelingcited by 10
  5. 2023Unsupervised Feature Based Algorithms for Time Series Extrinsic Regressioncited by 9
  6. 2021Elastic Similarity and Distance Measures for Multivariate Time Seriescited by 8
  7. 2023Fast, Interpretable, and Deterministic Time Series Classification With a Bag-of-Receptive-Fieldscited by 8
  8. 2022End-to-End Signal Classification in Signed Cumulative Distribution Transform Spacecited by 7
  9. 2023Appliance Detection Using Very Low-Frequency Smart Meter Time Seriescited by 7
  10. 2023Time-Series Classification in Smart Manufacturing Systems: An Experimental Evaluation of State-of-the-Art Machine Learning Algorithmscited by 7
  11. 2024Hierarchical Multimodal LLMs with Semantic Space Alignment for Enhanced Time Series Classificationcited by 7
  12. 2024Keeping Deep Learning Models in Check: A History-Based Approach to Mitigate Overfittingcited by 6
  13. 2021Fast, Accurate and Interpretable Time Series Classification Through Randomizationcited by 5
  14. 2024Time-Series Classification for Dynamic Strategies in Multi-Step Forecastingcited by 5
  15. 2023POCKET: Pruning Random Convolution Kernels for Time Series Classification from a Feature Selection Perspectivecited by 4
  16. 2024Explaining Time Series Classification Predictions via Causal Attributionscited by 4
  17. 2023Automatic Feature Engineering for Time Series Classification: Evaluation and Discussioncited by 3
  18. 2024Active Region-based Flare Forecasting with Sliding Window Multivariate Time Series Forest Classifierscited by 3
  19. 2024User-friendly Foundation Model Adapters for Multivariate Time Series Classificationcited by 3
  20. 2021A Novel Multi-Centroid Template Matching Algorithm and Its Application to Cough Detectioncited by 2
  21. 2021Animal Behavior Classification via Accelerometry Data and Recurrent Neural Networkscited by 2
  22. 2024Motion Code: Robust Time Series Classification and Forecasting via Sparse Variational Multi-Stochastic Processes Learningcited by 2
  23. 2024Towards Hybrid Embedded Feature Selection and Classification Approach with Slim-TSFcited by 2
  24. 2024VSFormer: Value and Shape-Aware Transformer with Prior-Enhanced Self-Attention for Multivariate Time Series Classificationcited by 2
  25. 2025Revisit Time Series Classification Benchmark: The Impact of Temporal Information for Classificationcited by 2
  26. 2025Structural Classification of Locally Stationary Time Series Based on Second-order Characteristicscited by 2
  27. 2026InstructTime++: Time Series Classification with Multimodal Language Modeling via Implicit Feature Enhancementcited by 2
  28. 2022CaSS: A Channel-aware Self-supervised Representation Learning Framework for Multivariate Time Series Classificationcited by 1
  29. 2022In-situ animal behavior classification using knowledge distillation and fixed-point quantizationcited by 1
  30. 2023Convolutional and Deep Learning based techniques for Time Series Ordinal Classificationcited by 1
  31. 2024A Unified Approach to Extract Interpretable Rules from Tree Ensembles via Integer Programmingcited by 1
  32. 2025Adaptive Classification of Interval-Valued Time Seriescited by 1
  33. 2021Neurological Status Classification Using Convolutional Neural Networkcited by 0
  34. 2021Mimic: An adaptive algorithm for multivariate time series classificationcited by 0
  35. 2022Statistics and Deep Learning-based Hybrid Model for Interpretable Anomaly Detectioncited by 0
  36. 2022Fuzzy Cognitive Maps and Hidden Markov Models: Comparative Analysis of Efficiency within the Confines of the Time Series Classification Taskcited by 0
  37. 2022Advances in Prediction of Readmission Rates Using Long Term Short Term Memory Networks on Healthcare Insurance Datacited by 0
  38. 2022Explainable classification of astronomical uncertain time seriescited by 0

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