mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

RL for clinical treatment and surgery

98 papers1 this weekLow confidence in this grouping: the papers may belong to more than one topic, or the group may changeLow confidence in this grouping: the papers may belong to more than one topic, or the group may change · About

Keywords: clinical, treatment, medical, reinforcement, reinforcement learning

Key facts. RL for clinical treatment and surgery: 98 papers on arXiv since 2024 (data through 14 Oct 2026). 4 of its 98 mapped papers (4%) cite “DTR-Bench: An in silico Environment and Benchmark Platform for Reinforcement Learning Based Dynamic Treatment Regime” (2024, arXiv 2405.18610). 3 new papers 30 Sep–14 Oct.

What’s new

30 Sep – 14 Oct 2026

3 new since 30 Sep

  1. Reinforcement Learning In Partially Verifiable Environments for Colon Cancer Treatment Planning
  2. TrustMed-RL: Long-Horizon Reinforcement Learning for Evidence-Grounded Clinical Diagnosis
  3. Patient-Centered Treatment Planning for Chronic Multimorbidity: A Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning Framework for Preference Modeling

Foundations

Most cited by papers here

  1. DTR-Bench: An in silico Environment and Benchmark Platform for Reinforcement Learning Based Dynamic Treatment Regime2024cited by 4 here
  2. Autonomous navigation of catheters and guidewires in mechanical thrombectomy using inverse reinforcement learning2024cited by 3 here
  3. A Zero-Shot Reinforcement Learning Strategy for Autonomous Guidewire Navigation2024cited by 2 here
  4. ICU-Sepsis: A Benchmark MDP Built from Real Medical Data2024cited by 2 here
  5. Reinforcement Learning for Safe Autonomous Two Device Navigation of Cerebral Vessels in Mechanical Thrombectomy2025cited by 2 here

Lineage

The papers this direction builds on, oldest first.

  1. 2024Parrot: Pareto-optimal Multi-Reward Reinforcement Learning Framework for Text-to-Image Generationcited by 1 here
  2. 2024Model-Free Reinforcement Learning for Automated Fluid Administration in Critical Carecited by 1 here
  3. 2024Episodic Reinforcement Learning with Expanded State-reward Spacecited by 1 here
  4. 2024SERL: A Software Suite for Sample-Efficient Robotic Reinforcement Learningcited by 1 here
  5. 2024Monitored Markov Decision Processescited by 1 here
  6. 2024A Zero-Shot Reinforcement Learning Strategy for Autonomous Guidewire Navigationcited by 2 here
  7. 2024Mastering Memory Tasks with World Modelscited by 1 here
  8. 2024The Fallacy of Minimizing Cumulative Regret in the Sequential Task Settingcited by 1 here
  9. 2024TractOracle: towards an anatomically-informed reward function for RL-based tractographycited by 1 here
  10. 2024Methodology for Interpretable Reinforcement Learning for Optimizing Mechanical Ventilationcited by 1 here
  11. 2024How Consistent are Clinicians? Evaluating the Predictability of Sepsis Disease Progression with Dynamics Modelscited by 1 here
  12. 2024CTD4 -- A Deep Continuous Distributional Actor-Critic Agent with a Kalman Fusion of Multiple Criticscited by 1 here
12 more
  1. 2024Fairness in Reinforcement Learning: A Surveycited by 1 here
  2. 2024Reinforcement learningcited by 2 here
  3. 2024DTR-Bench: An in silico Environment and Benchmark Platform for Reinforcement Learning Based Dynamic Treatment Regimecited by 4 here
  4. 2024When to Sense and Control? A Time-adaptive Approach for Continuous-Time RLcited by 1 here
  5. 2024ICU-Sepsis: A Benchmark MDP Built from Real Medical Datacited by 2 here
  6. 2024Sim-To-Real Transfer for Visual Reinforcement Learning of Deformable Object Manipulation for Robot-Assisted Surgerycited by 3 here
  7. 2024Autonomous navigation of catheters and guidewires in mechanical thrombectomy using inverse reinforcement learningcited by 3 here
  8. 2024Beyond Optimism: Exploration With Partially Observable Rewardscited by 1 here
  9. 2024Medical Knowledge Integration into Reinforcement Learning Algorithms for Dynamic Treatment Regimescited by 1 here
  10. 2024Gymnasium: A Standard Interface for Reinforcement Learning Environmentscited by 2 here
  11. 2024Deep Reinforcement Learning for Robotics: A Survey of Real-World Successescited by 2 here
  12. 2025Reinforcement Learning for Safe Autonomous Two Device Navigation of Cerebral Vessels in Mechanical Thrombectomycited by 2 here

The 24 most cited of 49.

Browse

30 of 98, ranked 6–35

  1. 6Reinforcement Learning in the Real World: A Survey of Statistical Challenges and Future Directions20261
  2. 7Towards Physiologically Sensible Predictions via the Rule-based Reinforcement Learning Layer20251
  3. 8Language Agents for Hypothesis-driven Clinical Decision Making with Reinforcement Learning20251
  4. 9Beyond Prediction: Reinforcement Learning as the Defining Leap in Healthcare AI20251
  5. 10EditGRPO: Reinforcement Learning with Post-Rollout Edits for Clinically Accurate Chest X-Ray Report Generation20251
  6. 11World Model for AI Autonomous Navigation in Mechanical Thrombectomy20251
  7. 12Model-Free Reinforcement Learning for Automated Fluid Administration in Critical Care20241
  8. 13TractOracle: towards an anatomically-informed reward function for RL-based tractography20241
  9. 14Methodology for Interpretable Reinforcement Learning for Optimizing Mechanical Ventilation20241
  10. 15How Consistent are Clinicians? Evaluating the Predictability of Sepsis Disease Progression with Dynamics Models20241
All 30
  1. 16Medical Knowledge Integration into Reinforcement Learning Algorithms for Dynamic Treatment Regimes20241
  2. 17Automating proton PBS treatment planning for head and neck cancers using policy gradient-based deep reinforcement learning20241
  3. 18Optimizing Vital Sign Monitoring in Resource-Constrained Maternal Care: An RL-Based Restless Bandit Approach20241
  4. 19Distribution-Free Uncertainty Quantification in Mechanical Ventilation Treatment: A Conformal Deep Q-Learning Framework20241
  5. 20Staged Voxel-Level Deep Reinforcement Learning for 3D Medical Image Segmentation with Noisy Annotations20260
  6. 21MEDVISTAGYM: A Scalable Training Environment for Thinking with Medical Images via Tool-Integrated Reinforcement Learning20260
  7. 22Scaling medical imaging report generation with multimodal reinforcement learning20260
  8. 23AdaFuse: Adaptive Multimodal Fusion for Lung Cancer Risk Prediction via Reinforcement Learning20260
  9. 24MASC: Metal-Aware Sampling and Correction via Reinforcement Learning for Accelerated MRI20260
  10. 25Autodiscover: A reinforcement learning recommendation system for the cold-start imbalance challenge in active learning, powered by graph-aware thompson sampling20260
  11. 26Formally Verifying and Explaining Sepsis Treatment Policies with COOL-MC20260
  12. 27ALPACA: A Reinforcement Learning Environment for Medication Repurposing and Treatment Optimization in Alzheimer's Disease20260
  13. 28Sample-Efficient Learning with Online Expert Correction for Autonomous Catheter Steering in Endovascular Bifurcation Navigation20260
  14. 29Rethinking the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Reinforcement Learning for Radiology Report Generation20260
  15. 30Optimizing 3D Diffusion Models for Medical Imaging via Multi-Scale Reward Learning20260
  16. 31Adaptive Double-Booking Strategy for Outpatient Scheduling Using Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning20260
  17. 32Optimizing Resource-Constrained Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions for Multi-Cluster Outbreak Control Using Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning20260
  18. 33Near-Equivalent Q-learning Policies for Dynamic Treatment Regimes20260
  19. 34Empowering Epidemic Response: The Role of Reinforcement Learning in Infectious Disease Control20260
  20. 35Boosted Distributional Reinforcement Learning: Analysis and Healthcare Applications20260