Prediction Is Not a Sufficient Memory State
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Abstract (arXiv)
A memory that reproduces every current prediction may still have forgotten how to learn from the next observation. We characterize this distinction for exact cumulative learning and attention. For smooth convex residual losses with unrestricted real features and labels, a continuous recurrent state of fixed dimension exists exactly when the loss is polynomial. With ordinary, unweighted observations, degree D requires precisely r=binomd+DD-1 coordinates; even among histories with one fixed current predictor, exactly r-d coordinates can remain necessary for continuation. Nonpolynomial losses have unbounded requirements on such equal-prediction histories. Bounded scalar logistic examples retain this obstruction after fixing any finite derivative jet. For ridge regression, the hidden evidence is the design matrix: the exact state costs dp+d(d+1)/2, versus dp for the predictor. On a well-conditioned zero-prediction family, optimal B-bit compression has average one-update error of order d-12-2B/sd, sd=d(d+1)/2, even with arbitrary randomized codes. Kernel attention gives a second exact closure classification. The results identify what future updates reveal, rather than proposing a new regression algorithm or asserting trained-model gains.
Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 17 of its 26 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Oct 2026.
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References · 17
- 2020Transformers are RNNs: Fast Autoregressive Transformers with Linear Attentioncited by 2,022
- 2024Learning to (Learn at Test Time): RNNs with Expressive Hidden Statescited by 355
- 2019Learning with Fenchel-Young Lossescited by 119
- 2025Test-time regression: a unifying framework for designing sequence models with associative memorycited by 74
- 2018On Coresets for Logistic Regressioncited by 67
- 2025MesaNet: Sequence Modeling by Locally Optimal Test-Time Trainingcited by 47
- 2024Omnipredictors for Regression and the Approximate Rank of Convex Functionscited by 15
- 2018Online Learning: Sufficient Statistics and the Burkholder Methodcited by 14
- 2017PASS-GLM: polynomial approximate sufficient statistics for scalable Bayesian GLM inferencecited by 12
- 2022Strong Memory Lower Bounds for Learning Natural Modelscited by 11
- 2025Streaming Attention Approximation via Discrepancy Theorycited by 11
- 2026Preconditioned DeltaNet: Curvature-aware Sequence Modeling for Linear Recurrencescited by 7
5 more
- 2025Equivalence of Context and Parameter Updates in Modern Transformer Blockscited by 5
- 2026Expressivity-Efficiency Tradeoffs for Hybrid Sequence Modelscited by 4
- 2022Gibbs Manifoldscited by 2
- 2026Learning to Remember, Learn, and Forget in Attention-Based Modelscited by 2
- 2026Towards Tight Bounds for Streaming Attentioncited by 2
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