S3N: A Spherical Spiral Scanning Network for Weather Forecasting

Machine learning-based weather prediction (MLWP) has achieved strong performance in global weather forecasting. Recent Hierarchical Equal Area isoLatitude Pixelation (HEALPix)-based methods use the HEALPix (HP) grid to avoid area distortion near the poles of conventional latitude-longitude (LL) grids. However, existing HP-based approaches often use pointwise mapping methods and process HP pixels within separate base faces or local windows. Consequently, the mapping may introduce reconstruction errors and cross-face communication depends on handcrafted boundary handling or shifted windows. We propose the Spherical Spiral Scanning Network (S3N) to address both limitations. First, L2Proj provides a bidirectional method for mapping atmospheric fields between the LL and HP grids through an L2 projection of their continuous finite-element representations. Second, the Attention-Guided Quad-Spiral State-Space Scanning (AQSS) block uses cross-latitude attention to guide selective state-space updates along four global pole-to-pole spiral paths. This design enables continuous information propagation across HP base-face boundaries without additional boundary-processing mechanisms. Experiments show that S3N achieves better results at 4-, 7-, and 10-day lead times, and exhibits slower error growth in long-range forecasting.