Context Inference Attacks Without Jailbreaks

Agentic AI systems are increasingly deployed to process sensitive data at inference time, such as healthcare records or financial documents assembled into a hidden context before the system answers. Prior work has studied privacy risks primarily through jailbreaking attacks that induce models to directly disclose sensitive content, but has largely overlooked the agentic setting where the context is assembled by the agent's own tool calls. We show that the agents we evaluate remain vulnerable to hidden-context leakage despite the controls we test against them, namely an instruction not to disclose the context, logit suppression, and context dilution. For instance, a web-browsing agent answering benign user queries still carries exploitable signals about records silently loaded into its context. We introduce and formalize context-inference attacks through a security game and evaluate three settings under decreasing attacker knowledge and increasingly indirect delivery of the context: a known context, an unknown context, and a context the agent retrieves through its own tool calls. We distinguish a grey-box setting, in which the target model is used to score observations, from black-box settings in which the attacker scores with a surrogate it controls. We further characterize how leakage varies with query budget, context size, and target-model size. A single attack carries through all three settings without modification, reaching 100% ASR on small candidate sets and 63% at 1024 candidates against a known context, 78.9 AUROC when the template and surrounding records are unknown, 92.5 AUROC when a 14B surrogate scores a 32B target, and 81.8 AUROC when the records arrive as an agent's retrieval returns, against chance rates of 1/|Z| and 50 respectively.