HxAgent: Iterative Agent Planning for End-to-End Web Application Testing
On the map: LLM agents and tool use → Web, search, and research agents
Abstract (arXiv)
In automated web testing, generating test cases and performing testing using functionality descriptions in natural-language is crucial for improving efficacy. These tasks require such a testing agent to carry out tasks on the target application and generating tests autonomously. We introduce HxAgent, an iterative LLM-based planning agent with a proactive correction strategy. After each step, HxAgent reassesses the web state to determine the next action using (1) current observations, (2) short-term memory of past actions, and (3) long-term experience extracted from past (in)correct sequences of actions. HxAgent achieves 97.4% Exact-Match accuracy on MiniWoB++, comparable to the best baselines without human demonstrations and surpassing the recent WALT by 10.5%. On a dataset of 350 web tasks, it attains 83.8% Exact-Match and 91.8% Prefix-Match, exceeding WALT by 13.4%. On OnlineMind2Web, it further improves over WALT by 4.6%.
Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Web, search, and research agents, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 30 of its 49 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Aug 2026.
Builds on
30 of 49 references.
Closest ancestors · 6
Same direction, newest first
- 2025An Illusion of Progress? Assessing the Current State of Web Agents2 Apr
- 2025BEARCUBS: A benchmark for computer-using web agents10 Mar
- 2024Beyond Browsing: API-Based Web Agents21 Oct
- 2024WorkArena: How Capable Are Web Agents at Solving Common Knowledge Work Tasks?12 Mar
- 2024GPT-4V(ision) is a Generalist Web Agent, if Grounded3 Jan
- 2023Mind2Web: Towards a Generalist Agent for the Web9 Jun
Other references · 24
- 2022ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Modelscited by 8,695
- 2023CogAgent: A Visual Language Model for GUI Agentscited by 704
- 2025BrowseComp: A Simple Yet Challenging Benchmark for Browsing Agentscited by 647
- 2025UI-TARS: Pioneering Automated GUI Interaction with Native Agentscited by 610
- 2024SeeClick: Harnessing GUI Grounding for Advanced Visual GUI Agentscited by 567
- 2023Cognitive Architectures for Language Agentscited by 429
- 2023Language Models can Solve Computer Taskscited by 372
- 2023A Real-World WebAgent with Planning, Long Context Understanding, and Program Synthesiscited by 353
- 2018Reinforcement Learning on Web Interfaces Using Workflow-Guided Explorationcited by 284
- 2024ShowUI: One Vision-Language-Action Model for GUI Visual Agentcited by 232
- 2023AdaPlanner: Adaptive Planning from Feedback with Language Modelscited by 196
- 2023Synapse: Trajectory-as-Exemplar Prompting with Memory for Computer Controlcited by 187
12 more
- 2023AutoDroid: LLM-powered Task Automation in Androidcited by 184
- 2024WebLINX: Real-World Website Navigation with Multi-Turn Dialoguecited by 180
- 2023Multimodal Web Navigation with Instruction-Finetuned Foundation Modelscited by 160
- 2025UI-Venus Technical Report: Building High-performance UI Agents with RFTcited by 93
- 2022A data-driven approach for learning to control computerscited by 88
- 2025InfiGUIAgent: A Multimodal Generalist GUI Agent with Native Reasoning and Reflectioncited by 67
- 2025UI-AGILE: Advancing GUI Agents with Effective Reinforcement Learning and Precise Inference-Time Groundingcited by 33
- 2023A Zero-Shot Language Agent for Computer Control with Structured Reflectioncited by 28
- 2019DOM-Q-NET: Grounded RL on Structured Languagecited by 25
- 2023Chatting with GPT-3 for Zero-Shot Human-Like Mobile Automated GUI Testingcited by 20
- 2023Autonomous Large Language Model Agents Enabling Intent-Driven Mobile GUI Testingcited by 15
- 2022Similarity-based web element localization for robust test automationcited by 3
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- 2026Revisiting Observation Reduction for Web Agents: Comprehensive Evaluation with a Lightweight Framework
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