Building a User Foundation Model for the Open Web
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Abstract (arXiv)
User foundation models have demonstrated strong results in e-commerce and social recommendation, but most industrial deployments assume environments where user identity is stable and persistent. Open-web real-time bidding (RTB) operates on a structurally different data distribution: user identity is fragmented and non-persistent across browsing sessions, and the availability of browsing history depends on user privacy choices. Consequently, a significant portion of traffic carries no historical data, and available records often consist of relatively short, disjointed sessions. As a result, historical signals in this domain are typically represented as aggregated counters and recency buckets, leaving the sequential structure unexploited. To address this limitation, we present a user foundation model that applies self-supervised learning on user browsing histories and show that the learned representation improves multiple downstream production tasks, demonstrating the viability of this approach on the open web. We pre-train a Transformer encoder with masked language modeling and a sequence-level contrastive objective, then fine-tune it on the click prediction task. We optimize the encoder's pre-training pipeline with an LLM-in-the-loop search over a curated catalog of reviewable, code-level edits (lifters), instantiating the LLM-as-optimizer paradigm in an industrial setting. The same encoder representation yields +1.197% RIG on the production bid win-rate model and +1.354% RIG on the production CTR ranker; a 7-day live A/B test confirms +2.13% CTR, -1.13% eCPC (80% CI excluding zero on both metrics).
Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 24 of its 34 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Jul 2026.
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24 of 34 references.
References · 24
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12 more
- 2019Time2Vec: Learning a Vector Representation of Timecited by 208
- 2019Behavior Sequence Transformer for E-commerce Recommendation in Alibabacited by 128
- 2021Contrastive Learning for Representation Degeneration Problem in Sequential Recommendationcited by 121
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- 2023Towards Deeper, Lighter and Interpretable Cross Network for CTR Predictioncited by 20
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- 2026MTFM: A Scalable and Alignment-free Foundation Model for Industrial Recommendation in Meituancited by 1
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