mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Building a User Foundation Model for the Open Web

arXiv 2607.28019 ↗First posted 30 Jul 2026cs.LGcited by 0

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Abstract (arXiv)

User foundation models have demonstrated strong results in e-commerce and social recommendation, but most industrial deployments assume environments where user identity is stable and persistent. Open-web real-time bidding (RTB) operates on a structurally different data distribution: user identity is fragmented and non-persistent across browsing sessions, and the availability of browsing history depends on user privacy choices. Consequently, a significant portion of traffic carries no historical data, and available records often consist of relatively short, disjointed sessions. As a result, historical signals in this domain are typically represented as aggregated counters and recency buckets, leaving the sequential structure unexploited. To address this limitation, we present a user foundation model that applies self-supervised learning on user browsing histories and show that the learned representation improves multiple downstream production tasks, demonstrating the viability of this approach on the open web. We pre-train a Transformer encoder with masked language modeling and a sequence-level contrastive objective, then fine-tune it on the click prediction task. We optimize the encoder's pre-training pipeline with an LLM-in-the-loop search over a curated catalog of reviewable, code-level edits (lifters), instantiating the LLM-as-optimizer paradigm in an industrial setting. The same encoder representation yields +1.197% RIG on the production bid win-rate model and +1.354% RIG on the production CTR ranker; a 7-day live A/B test confirms +2.13% CTR, -1.13% eCPC (80% CI excluding zero on both metrics).

Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 24 of its 34 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Jul 2026.

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24 of 34 references.

References · 24

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  3. 2020A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 11,979
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  9. 2023Promptbreeder: Self-Referential Self-Improvement Via Prompt Evolutioncited by 521
  10. 2020Inductive Representation Learning on Temporal Graphscited by 454
  11. 2020S^3-Rec: Self-Supervised Learning for Sequential Recommendation with Mutual Information Maximizationcited by 311
  12. 2019Random Search and Reproducibility for Neural Architecture Searchcited by 253
12 more
  1. 2019Time2Vec: Learning a Vector Representation of Timecited by 208
  2. 2019Behavior Sequence Transformer for E-commerce Recommendation in Alibabacited by 128
  3. 2021Contrastive Learning for Representation Degeneration Problem in Sequential Recommendationcited by 121
  4. 2023Language Model Crossover: Variation through Few-Shot Promptingcited by 119
  5. 2024HLLM: Enhancing Sequential Recommendations via Hierarchical Large Language Models for Item and User Modelingcited by 63
  6. 2022PinnerFormer: Sequence Modeling for User Representation at Pinterestcited by 57
  7. 2023Towards Deeper, Lighter and Interpretable Cross Network for CTR Predictioncited by 20
  8. 2025External Large Foundation Model: How to Efficiently Serve Trillions of Parameters for Online Ads Recommendationcited by 13
  9. 2025PinFM: Foundation Model for User Activity Sequences at a Billion-scale Visual Discovery Platformcited by 8
  10. 2021Empowering General-purpose User Representation with Full-life Cycle Behavior Modelingcited by 6
  11. 2025Abacus: Self-Supervised Event Counting-Aligned Distributional Pretraining for Sequential User Modelingcited by 1
  12. 2026MTFM: A Scalable and Alignment-free Foundation Model for Industrial Recommendation in Meituancited by 1

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