ZAPs: A Reward Attribution Framework for DeFi Ecosystems with Adversarial-Robust Scoring via Parallel Anomaly Ensemble Detection
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Abstract (arXiv)
Incentive programs are central to user acquisition in decentralized finance, but many reward systems rely on raw volume, transaction count, and wallet count, making them vulnerable to bots and sybil operations. We present ZAPs, a reward attribution framework that combines economic contribution scoring with adversarial robustness. A composite activity score uses protocol-specific percentile normalization to limit whale dominance while preserving differentiation among users. A two-layer weighting mechanism combines protocol share within sector and sector share within the ecosystem, which reduces the profitability of farming small protocols. We show that the maximum reward obtainable from any protocol is bounded by that protocol's global volume share. ZAPs also introduces a four-layer defense stack consisting of transaction-level integrity checks, a parallel anomaly ensemble, post-distribution behavioral memory, and graph-based sybil clustering. The anomaly ensemble combines a one-class reconstruction model with an isolation forest and applies graduated rather than binary penalties. On 1,073 labeled malicious wallets covering 124,638 transactions, the ensemble achieves 0.923 +/- 0.013 ROC-AUC, compared with 0.891 +/- 0.016 for the reconstruction model alone, when the isolation forest is trained on benign wallets. Training it on the pooled population reverses its polarity and removes the ensemble gain. Controlled simulations reduce adversarial reward capture by 30-90 percent while legitimate-user scenarios change by 1-8 percent. Live campaigns recorded a 56 percent reduction in sybil allocation, a 49 percent increase in quality-wallet participation, and a 50 percent reduction in sell pressure.
Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 5 of its 22 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Jul 2026.
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5 of 22 references.
References · 5
- 2019Deep Learning for Anomaly Detection: A Surveycited by 358
- 2020Transparency, Auditability and eXplainability of Machine Learning Models in Credit Scoringcited by 26
- 2025zScore: A Universal Decentralised Reputation System for the Blockchain Economycited by 4
- 2025Deep Reputation Scoring in DeFi: zScore-Based Wallet Ranking from Liquidity and Trading Signalscited by 3
- 2023RiskProp: Account Risk Rating on Ethereum via De-anonymous Score and Network Propagationcited by 2
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