Verifiable Self-Evolution for Open-Ended Dialogue Skills via Future-Feedback Prediction
On the map: LLM agents and tool use → General LLM agent frameworks and benchmarks
Abstract (arXiv)
Textual skills provide a lightweight way to improve frozen language-model agents, but their self-evolution normally requires a stable validation signal. Such signals are natural in mathematics or code, where an answer can be checked after it changes, yet are problematic in open-ended dialogue: changing the assistant response also changes the user's next reaction, so a logged reaction cannot directly evaluate a counterfactual response. We propose future-feedback skill evolution, which first redirects self-evolution from prescribing the current answer to predicting whether the observed answer will lead to a positive or negative subsequent user signal. This prediction task is verifiable on fixed logged tuples and therefore supports validation-gated textual optimization. The evolved feedback skill captures interpretable criteria for response quality and can subsequently serve as a diagnostic and optimization target for answer skills. On a proprietary, privacy-preserving sales-assistant dataset, careful quality filtering and a balanced resolved/unresolved split yield more than 75% prediction accuracy. Beyond this result, the central contribution is a formulation that converts otherwise moving conversational feedback into a fixed offline learning target, enabling reproducible skill evolution without placing every candidate skill in live traffic. We discuss the boundary between observational verification and counterfactual validity, and position the method as an offline optimization stage rather than a replacement for final human or online evaluation.
Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in General LLM agent frameworks and benchmarks, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 5 of its 6 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 21 Jul 2026.
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5 of 6 references.
References · 5
- 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,712
- 2022PAL: Program-aided Language Modelscited by 635
- 2026SkillOpt: Executive Strategy for Self-Evolving Agent Skillscited by 122
- 2021Simulating User Satisfaction for the Evaluation of Task-oriented Dialogue Systemscited by 47
- 2024Interpretable User Satisfaction Estimation for Conversational Systems with Large Language Modelscited by 19
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- 2026SkillEvo: Self-Renewing Evolution Gradients from Multi-Turn Interaction Feedback
- 2025Self-Evolving Critique Abilities in Large Language Models
- 2026When Updating Stops Being Learning: Rethinking LLM Self-Evolution via learnable information gain
- 2025Evolving LLMs' Self-Refinement Capability via Synergistic Training-Inference Optimization
- 2024A Survey on Self-Evolution of Large Language Models
- 2026On the Generalization Gap in Self-Evolving Language Model Reasoning
- 2026SAGE: A Statistical Acceptance Gate for Self-Evolving Agents
- 2023Self-Refine: Iterative Refinement with Self-Feedback