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Towards Learning Representations of Policies in Two-Player Zero-Sum Imperfect-Information Games

arXiv 2607.01498 ↗First posted 1 Jul 2026cs.LG cs.GTcited by 0

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Abstract (arXiv)

We investigate the problem of learning useful policy representations (embeddings) in two-player zero-sum imperfect-information games. We make three contributions: First, we introduce methods of creating datasets of policies for a given game. Second, we propose methods to learn policy representations. Third, we introduce downstream tasks to evaluate the effectiveness of such representations. We evaluate each dataset method, embedding method, and downstream task on Kuhn and Leduc Poker. Although our methods are very basic, we demonstrate that useful behavioral representations are present in the learned embeddings. To our knowledge, this work is among the first to systematically compare self-supervised learning techniques for learning policy representations in games. Our code is available at https://github.com/VitamintK/ssl-project for others to extend.

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References · 17

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5 more
  1. 2020Learning Models of Individual Behavior in Chesscited by 22
  2. 2021Solving Common-Payoff Games with Approximate Policy Iterationcited by 15
  3. 2025Reevaluating Policy Gradient Methods for Imperfect-Information Gamescited by 13
  4. 2024Neural Population Learning beyond Symmetric Zero-sum Gamescited by 4
  5. 2025TransAM: Transformer-Based Agent Modeling for Multi-Agent Systems via Local Trajectory Encodingcited by 1

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