Beyond Ideal Instruction: A Comprehensive Framework for Evaluating LLMs in Realistic Interactions
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Abstract (arXiv)
Despite great advances in tool-use capabilities of large language models (LLMs), existing evaluation benchmarks struggle to fully align with real-world scenarios. Such benchmarks mostly rely on simulated idealized user assumptions and lacks experience-oriented evaluation. These limitations fail to account for the ambiguity, uncooperative behaviors, and shifting intentions characteristic of real-world users. To fill this gap, we propose RUT-Bench, a dedicated benchmark designed to assess LLMs under diverse Real-world User Tool calling scenarios. RUT-Bench supports high-fidelity simulations covering both ideal rational patterns and heterogeneous non-ideal behaviors across single-turn and multi-turn dialogues. We conduct comprehensive evaluations on 19 widely adopted open-source and proprietary LLMs using our benchmark. Experimental results reveal that no tested LLMs achieve an overall success rate above 40%, and nearly all of them experience noticeable performance drops when facing more complicated non-ideal user inputs. Our code and data is available at https://github.com/Miaow-Lab/RUT-Bench.
Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 12 of its 23 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 2 Jun 2026.
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12 of 23 references.
References · 12
- 2023Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Toolscited by 4,072
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- 2023ToolLLM: Facilitating Large Language Models to Master 16000+ Real-world APIscited by 1,880
- 2023The Rise and Potential of Large Language Model Based Agents: A Surveycited by 1,422
- 2024τ-bench: A Benchmark for Tool-Agent-User Interaction in Real-World Domainscited by 1,280
- 2026DeepSeek-V4: Towards Highly Efficient Million-Token Context Intelligencecited by 877
- 2024WildChat: 1M ChatGPT Interaction Logs in the Wildcited by 598
- 2024GTA: A Benchmark for General Tool Agentscited by 77
- 2025ACEBench: Who Wins the Match Point in Tool Usage?cited by 66
- 2025Know You First and Be You Better: Modeling Human-Like User Simulators via Implicit Profilescited by 38
- 2025Non-Collaborative User Simulators for Tool Agentscited by 17
- 2026Benchmarking LLM Tool-Use in the Wildcited by 15
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- 2024LLM With Tools: A Survey
- 2025Evaluating LLM-based Agents for Multi-Turn Conversations: A Survey
- 2023AgentSims: An Open-Source Sandbox for Large Language Model Evaluation
- 2025A Survey of LLM Alignment: Instruction Understanding, Intention Reasoning, and Reliable Generation