D2-Monitor: Dynamic Safety Monitoring for Diffusion LLMs via Hesitation Signals

Despite the emergence of diffusion large language models (D-LLMs) as an alternative to autoregressive large language models (AR-LLMs), safety monitoring for D-LLMs remains largely unexplored. Unlike AR-LLMs, D-LLMs generate text through a multi-step denoising process, exposing intermediate hidden representations that may contain safety-relevant information unavailable in standard single-step monitoring setups. Motivated by the suitability of lightweight probes for always-on monitoring, we analyze which trajectory-level signals best indicate when such probes are likely to struggle. We find that the most informative signal is safety hesitation: intermediate hidden states repeatedly falling within a small margin of the probe's decision boundary. The number of such hesitation steps in D-LLM's trajectory predicts probe failure effectively, providing a proxy for sample difficulty. Building on this analysis, we propose D2-Monitor, in which a lightweight probe runs on every sample, producing a base prediction and a hesitation estimate that decides whether to escalate the sample to a more expressive probe. That probe is trained on trajectories with at least one hesitation step, and reads only the minimal span of those steps. Evaluated on 3 datasets (WildGuardMix, ToxicChat, OpenAI-Moderation) across 4 D-LLMs, D2-Monitor achieves state-of-the-art performance with a compact parameter footprint (≤ 0.93M parameters), and exhibits the best trade-off between effectiveness and efficiency relative to 8 baselines.