mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Toxicity Detection for Free

arXiv 2405.18822 ↗First posted 29 May 2024cs.CLcited by 15

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Abstract (arXiv)

Current LLMs are generally aligned to follow safety requirements and tend to refuse toxic prompts. However, LLMs can fail to refuse toxic prompts or be overcautious and refuse benign examples. In addition, state-of-the-art toxicity detectors have low TPRs at low FPR, incurring high costs in real-world applications where toxic examples are rare. In this paper, we introduce Moderation Using LLM Introspection (MULI), which detects toxic prompts using the information extracted directly from LLMs themselves. We found we can distinguish between benign and toxic prompts from the distribution of the first response token's logits. Using this idea, we build a robust detector of toxic prompts using a sparse logistic regression model on the first response token logits. Our scheme outperforms SOTA detectors under multiple metrics.

Key facts. Cited by 15 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 20 of its 32 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 29 May 2024.

Builds on

20 of 32 references.

References · 20

  1. 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,396
  2. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
  3. 2023Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Modelscited by 13,028
  4. 2023Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arenacited by 8,626
  5. 2023Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Toolscited by 4,182
  6. 2023Mistral 7Bcited by 3,164
  7. 2023Universal and Transferable Adversarial Attacks on Aligned Language Modelscited by 3,104
  8. 2022Scaling Instruction-Finetuned Language Modelscited by 3,024
  9. 2023Jailbroken: How Does LLM Safety Training Fail?cited by 1,651
  10. 2023Llama Guard: LLM-based Input-Output Safeguard for Human-AI Conversationscited by 1,207
  11. 2021Ethical and social risks of harm from Language Modelscited by 966
  12. 2023Jailbreaking ChatGPT via Prompt Engineering: An Empirical Studycited by 498
8 more
  1. 2023LMSYS-Chat-1M: A Large-Scale Real-World LLM Conversation Datasetcited by 461
  2. 2022A Holistic Approach to Undesired Content Detection in the Real Worldcited by 356
  3. 2023Large Language Models as Tool Makerscited by 303
  4. 2023Large Language Model Alignment: A Surveycited by 243
  5. 2020Social Biases in NLP Models as Barriers for Persons with Disabilitiescited by 182
  6. 2023From ChatGPT to ThreatGPT: Impact of Generative AI in Cybersecurity and Privacycited by 143
  7. 2021What's in the Box? A Preliminary Analysis of Undesirable Content in the Common Crawl Corpuscited by 80
  8. 2023Latent Jailbreak: A Benchmark for Evaluating Text Safety and Output Robustness of Large Language Modelscited by 60

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 3; 2025: 7; 2026: 5.

15 papers.

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