CasualSynth: Generating Structurally Sound Synthetic Data

Large Language Models (LLMs) generate realistic synthetic data but offer no guarantee that their outputs respect the causal mechanisms governing the target domain. We introduce CausalSynth, a framework that decouples causal structure generation from semantic realization, yielding synthetic data that is both causally valid and linguistically rich. The framework operates in three phases. First, a Structural Causal Model (SCM) - a tuple of structural equations defined over a directed acyclic graph (DAG) generates causal skeletons, i.e., variable assignments that satisfy the Global Markov Property of the governing DAG, via ancestral sampling. Second, an LLM acts as a constrained realizer, a conditional translator that maps each skeleton to a high-dimensional observation such as a clinical note or a transaction log. Third, an Iterative Consistency Verification module detects structural violations through deterministic extraction and feeds targeted corrections back to the LLM, forming a closed-loop refinement process. We identify the Semantic Backdoor problem the systematic tendency of LLMs to override imposed causal facts with pre-training priors -- and prove that our iterative mechanism reduces the resulting selection bias relative to standard rejection sampling. On three causal benchmarks (ASIA, ALARM, and MIMIC-Struct), CausalSynth preserved conditional independencies with false-positive rates near the nominal α=0.05 level and achieved realizability rates above 96% with 70B-parameter LLM backbones. The framework additionally supports principled interventional and counterfactual generation through noise retention and graph mutilation.