mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Evaluation Drift in LLM Personality Induction: Are We Moving the Goalpost?

arXiv 2605.16996 ↗First posted 16 May 2026cs.CLcited by 0

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Abstract (arXiv)

Can large language models reliably express a human-like personality, or are they merely mimicking surface cues without a stable underlying profile? To investigate this, we induce personality in LLMs by fine-tuning them on the long-form essays, where each essay is associated with a target Big Five personality profile. We then evaluate the stability and fidelity of the induced personality using the IPIP-NEO questionnaire. Specifically, we ask: (i) does post-training (SFT, DPO, ORPO) stabilize questionnaire scores under prompt rephrasings, and (ii) can it induce target Big Five profiles from unguided essays? Our results demonstrate that fine-tuning consistently reduces variance in questionnaire responses across five models, directly mitigating the evaluation fragility reported in pre-trained models. However, this newfound stability reveals a more fundamental limitation: accuracy on the full five-dimensional profile remains near chance, even when single-trait scores improve. This indicates that unguided essays lack the cues needed for faithful personality expression. We therefore argue for scenario-grounded datasets or interactive elicitation that accumulates test-aligned evidence over time.

Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 11 of its 41 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 May 2026.

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References · 11

  1. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
  2. 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,715
  3. 2023Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Modelcited by 8,065
  4. 2023QLoRA: Efficient Finetuning of Quantized LLMscited by 3,418
  5. 2024ORPO: Monolithic Preference Optimization without Reference Modelcited by 562
  6. 2023PersonaLLM: Investigating the Ability of Large Language Models to Express Personality Traitscited by 234
  7. 2016A Persona-Based Neural Conversation Modelcited by 223
  8. 2024The Effect of Sampling Temperature on Problem Solving in Large Language Modelscited by 170
  9. 2022Who is GPT-3? An Exploration of Personality, Values and Demographicscited by 112
  10. 2023Self-Assessment Tests are Unreliable Measures of LLM Personalitycited by 39
  11. 2024Large Language Models Show Human-like Social Desirability Biases in Survey Responsescited by 28

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  1. 2025Persistent Instability in LLM's Personality Measurements: Effects of Scale, Reasoning, and Conversation History
  2. 2025Evaluating LLM Alignment on Personality Inference from Real-World Interview Data
  3. 2025Can LLMs Infer Personality from Real World Conversations?
  4. 2025Beyond BFI: The CSI for Enhanced Reliability and Validity in Evaluating LLM Personality Traits
  5. 2025From Five Dimensions to Many: Large Language Models as Precise and Interpretable Psychological Profilers
  6. 2025The Personality Illusion: Revealing Dissociation Between Self-Reports & Behavior in LLMs
  7. 2025Activation-Space Personality Steering: Hybrid Layer Selection for Stable Trait Control in LLMs
  8. 2024BIG5-CHAT: Shaping LLM Personalities Through Training on Human-Grounded Data