Spoiler Alert: Narrative Forecasting as a Metric for Tension in LLM Storytelling
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Abstract (arXiv)
LLMs have so far failed both to generate consistently compelling stories and to recognize this failure--on the leading creative-writing benchmark (EQ-Bench), LLM judges rank zero-shot AI stories above New Yorker short stories, a gold standard for literary fiction. We argue that existing rubrics overlook a key dimension of compelling human stories: narrative tension. We introduce the 100-Endings metric, which walks through a story sentence by sentence: at each position, a model predicts how the story will end 100 times given only the text so far, and we measure tension as how often predictions fail to match the ground truth. Beyond the mismatch rate, the sentence-level curve also yields complementary statistics that track plot-level twists and revelations, such as the inflection rate, a geometric measure of how frequently the curve reverses direction. Unlike rubric-based judges, 100-Endings correctly ranks New Yorker stories far above LLM outputs. Grounded in narratological principles, we design a story-generation pipeline using structural constraints, including analysis of story templates, idea formulation, and narrative scaffolding. Our pipeline significantly increases narrative tension as measured by the 100-Endings metric, while maintaining performance on the EQ-Bench leaderboard.
Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 27 of its 45 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 Apr 2026.
Builds on
27 of 45 references.
References · 27
- 2023Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arenacited by 8,626
- 2023G-Eval: NLG Evaluation using GPT-4 with Better Human Alignmentcited by 2,276
- 2024LLM Evaluators Recognize and Favor Their Own Generationscited by 686
- 2023Prometheus: Inducing Fine-grained Evaluation Capability in Language Modelscited by 575
- 2023Does Writing with Language Models Reduce Content Diversity?cited by 192
- 2023Art or Artifice? Large Language Models and the False Promise of Creativitycited by 172
- 2023Ghostbuster: Detecting Text Ghostwritten by Large Language Modelscited by 91
- 2023EQ-Bench: An Emotional Intelligence Benchmark for Large Language Modelscited by 80
- 2024Are Large Language Models Capable of Generating Human-Level Narratives?cited by 79
- 2022Of Human Criteria and Automatic Metrics: A Benchmark of the Evaluation of Story Generationcited by 75
- 2020UNION: An Unreferenced Metric for Evaluating Open-ended Story Generationcited by 60
- 2024Agents' Room: Narrative Generation through Multi-step Collaborationcited by 57
15 more
- 2024Can AI writing be salvaged? Mitigating Idiosyncrasies and Improving Human-AI Alignment in the Writing Process through Editscited by 49
- 2024Echoes in AI: Quantifying lack of plot diversity in LLM outputscited by 48
- 2025SCORE: Story Coherence and Retrieval Enhancement for AI Narrativescited by 42
- 2024CharacterBox: Evaluating the Role-Playing Capabilities of LLMs in Text-Based Virtual Worldscited by 38
- 2024Style Outweighs Substance: Failure Modes of LLM Judges in Alignment Benchmarkingcited by 35
- 2025Learning to Reason for Long-Form Story Generationcited by 34
- 2024Pron vs Prompt: Can Large Language Models already Challenge a World-Class Fiction Author at Creative Text Writing?cited by 27
- 2024Creating Suspenseful Stories: Iterative Planning with Large Language Modelscited by 22
- 2024Evaluating Creative Short Story Generation in Humans and Large Language Modelscited by 21
- 2020Modelling Suspense in Short Stories as Uncertainty Reduction over Neural Representationcited by 14
- 2025Frankentext: Stitching random text fragments into long-form narrativescited by 8
- 2025The Reader is the Metric: How Textual Features and Reader Profiles Explain Conflicting Evaluations of AI Creative Writingcited by 8
- 2025KRISTEVA: Close Reading as a Novel Task for Benchmarking Interpretive Reasoningcited by 4
- 2026LLMs Exhibit Significantly Lower Uncertainty in Creative Writing Than Professional Writerscited by 4
- 2025Do Language Models Agree with Human Perceptions of Suspense in Stories?cited by 1
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