Physical Imitation Learning: Distilling Control Policies into Passive Elasticity

Due to brain-body co-evolution, animals' intrinsic body dynamics play a crucial role in their energy-efficient locomotion. Specifically, the control effort is shared between active muscles and passive body dynamics--a principle often referred to as Physical Intelligence. As a result, the body dynamics are part of the solution. In contrast, robot bodies are typically designed to be as simple as possible, but the active control often fights the intrinsic body dynamics, resulting in low energy-efficiency. We introduce Physical Imitation Learning (PIL), a novel approach that brings current robotics control closer to animals. PIL takes learned control policies obtained with Reinforcement Learning (RL) and systematically splits them up into an active and passive control contribution. The passive part can be then directly offloaded to passive Parallel Elastic Joints (PEJs). As a result, the active control contribution is significantly reduced, lowering the overall energy consumption. Furthermore, the policy can be trained via RL to leverage the PEJ assistance by generating gaits that are more readily emulated by the PEJs. This enables co-design of the active and passive control components, shifting a greater share of actuation effort to the PEJs. Here we demonstrate the potential of this approach in simulated quadrupeds. Our results show that the proposed approach can offload up to 95% of mechanical power to passive body dynamics on flat terrain and 13% on rough terrain. PIL thereby provides a generalisable route to task-specific Physical Intelligence applicable to a wide range of joint-based robot morphologies.