mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Found-RL: foundation model-enhanced reinforcement learning for autonomous driving

arXiv 2602.10458 ↗First posted 11 Feb 2026cs.AI cs.LGcited by 2

On the map: End-to-end autonomous driving → Reasoning VLA and VLM driving policies

Abstract (arXiv)

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a dominant paradigm for end-to-end autonomous driving (AD). However, RL suffers from sample inefficiency and a lack of semantic interpretability in complex scenarios. Foundation Models, particularly Vision-Language Models (VLMs), can mitigate this by offering rich, context-aware knowledge, yet their high inference latency hinders deployment in high-frequency RL training loops. To bridge this gap, we present Found-RL, a platform tailored to efficiently enhance RL for AD using foundation models. A core innovation is the asynchronous batch inference framework, which decouples heavy VLM reasoning from the simulation loop, effectively resolving latency bottlenecks to support real-time learning. We introduce diverse supervision mechanisms: Value-Margin Regularization (VMR) and Advantage-Weighted Action Guidance (AWAG) to effectively distill expert-like VLM action suggestions into the RL policy. Additionally, we adopt high-throughput CLIP for dense reward shaping. We address CLIP's dynamic blindness via Conditional Contrastive Action Alignment, which conditions prompts on discretized speed/command and yields a normalized, margin-based bonus from context-specific action-anchor scoring. Found-RL provides an end-to-end pipeline for fine-tuned VLM integration and shows that a lightweight RL model can achieve near-VLM performance compared with billion-parameter VLMs while sustaining real-time inference (approx. 500 FPS). Code, data, and models will be publicly available at https://github.com/ys-qu/found-rl.

Key facts. Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Reasoning VLA and VLM driving policies, one of 9 directions in End-to-end autonomous driving. Builds on 12 of its 21 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Feb 2026.

Builds on

12 of 21 references.

References · 12

  1. 2025Qwen2.5-VL Technical Reportcited by 5,418
  2. 2020Conservative Q-Learning for Offline Reinforcement Learningcited by 1,777
  3. 2021A Minimalist Approach to Offline Reinforcement Learningcited by 882
  4. 2023RWKV: Reinventing RNNs for the Transformer Eracited by 814
  5. 2020AWAC: Accelerating Online Reinforcement Learning with Offline Datasetscited by 647
  6. 2022Trajectory-guided Control Prediction for End-to-end Autonomous Driving: A Simple yet Strong Baselinecited by 247
  7. 2021NEAT: Neural Attention Fields for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 174
  8. 2021Learning to drive from a world on railscited by 114
  9. 2021GRI: General Reinforced Imitation and its Application to Vision-Based Autonomous Drivingcited by 59
  10. 2025Learning from Active Human Involvement through Proxy Value Propagationcited by 16
  11. 2024Open-Vocabulary Calibration for Fine-tuned CLIPcited by 15
  12. 2025VLM-SAFE: Vision-Language Model-Guided Safety-Aware Reinforcement Learning with World Models for Autonomous Drivingcited by 8

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 2.

2 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2025Drive-R1: Bridging Reasoning and Planning in VLMs for Autonomous Driving with Reinforcement Learning
  2. 2024VLM-RL: A Unified Vision Language Models and Reinforcement Learning Framework for Safe Autonomous Driving
  3. 2025COVLM-RL: Critical Object-Oriented Reasoning for Autonomous Driving Using VLM-Guided Reinforcement Learning
  4. 2025DriveMind: A Dual Visual Language Model-based Reinforcement Learning Framework for Autonomous Driving
  5. 2025AlphaDrive: Unleashing the Power of VLMs in Autonomous Driving via Reinforcement Learning and Reasoning
  6. 2025AutoDrive-R2: Incentivizing Reasoning and Self-Reflection Capacity for VLA Model in Autonomous Driving
  7. 2026DriveReward: A Comprehensive Dataset and Generative Vision-Language Reward Model for Autonomous Driving
  8. 2025AutoVLA: A Vision-Language-Action Model for End-to-End Autonomous Driving with Adaptive Reasoning and Reinforcement Fine-Tuning