TruthTensor: Evaluating LLMs through Human Imitation on Prediction Market under Drift and Holistic Reasoning
On the map: LLM reasoning → Reasoning benchmarks and evaluation
Abstract (arXiv)
Evaluating language models and AI agents remains fundamentally challenging because static benchmarks fail to capture real-world uncertainty, distribution shift, and the gap between isolated task accuracy and human-aligned decision-making under evolving conditions. This paper introduces TruthTensor, a novel, reproducible evaluation paradigm that measures reasoning models not only as prediction engines but as human-imitation systems operating in socially-grounded, high-entropy environments. Building on forward-looking, contamination-free tasks, our framework anchors evaluation to live prediction markets and combines probabilistic scoring to provide a holistic view of model behavior. TruthTensor complements traditional correctness metrics with drift-centric diagnostics and explicit robustness checks for reproducibility. It specify human vs. automated evaluation roles, annotation protocols, and statistical testing procedures to ensure interpretability and replicability of results. In experiments across 500+ real markets (political, economic, cultural, technological), TruthTensor demonstrates that models with similar forecast accuracy can diverge markedly in calibration, drift, and risk-sensitivity, underscoring the need to evaluate models along multiple axes (accuracy, calibration, narrative stability, cost, and resource efficiency). TruthTensor therefore operationalizes modern evaluation best practices, clear hypothesis framing, careful metric selection, transparent compute/cost reporting, human-in-the-loop validation, and open, versioned evaluation contracts, to produce defensible assessments of LLMs in real-world decision contexts. We publicly released TruthTensor at https://truthtensor.com.
Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Reasoning benchmarks and evaluation, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 18 of its 31 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 Jan 2026.
Builds on
18 of 31 references.
Closest ancestors · 1
Same direction, newest first
Other references · 17
- 2021Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problemscited by 9,743
- 2021Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Codecited by 8,053
- 2024LiveCodeBench: Holistic and Contamination Free Evaluation of Large Language Models for Codecited by 1,906
- 2024Chatbot Arena: An Open Platform for Evaluating LLMs by Human Preferencecited by 1,151
- 2025Humanity's Last Examcited by 467
- 2024CORE-Bench: Fostering the Credibility of Published Research Through a Computational Reproducibility Agent Benchmarkcited by 115
- 2025Beyond Binary Rewards: Training LMs to Reason About Their Uncertaintycited by 107
- 2024ForecastBench: A Dynamic Benchmark of AI Forecasting Capabilitiescited by 104
- 2024INVESTORBENCH: A Benchmark for Financial Decision-Making Tasks with LLM-based Agentcited by 62
- 2025FutureX: An Advanced Live Benchmark for LLM Agents in Future Predictioncited by 55
- 2024MIRAI: Evaluating LLM Agents for Event Forecastingcited by 40
- 2025LLM-as-a-Prophet: Understanding Predictive Intelligence with Prophet Arenacited by 36
5 more
- 2024Consistency Checks for Language Model Forecasterscited by 27
- 2024HumanEval-V: Benchmarking High-Level Visual Reasoning with Complex Diagrams in Coding Taskscited by 19
- 2025When Agents Trade: Live Multi-Market Trading Benchmark for LLM Agentscited by 16
- 2025LLM Agent Meets Agentic AI: Can LLM Agents Simulate Customers to Evaluate Agentic-AI-based Shopping Assistants?cited by 15
- 2025LiveTradeBench: Seeking Real-World Alpha with Large Language Modelscited by 13
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2026: 1.
1 paper.
- 2026TimeSeek: Temporal Reliability of Agentic Forecasterscited by 1
- 2026TimeSeek: Temporal Reliability of Agentic Forecasters5 Apr 2026
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025Noise, Adaptation, and Strategy: Assessing LLM Fidelity in Decision-Making
- 2025OpenEstimate: Evaluating LLMs on Reasoning Under Uncertainty with Real-World Data
- 2026Validated Hypotheses as a Lens for Human-Likeness Evaluation in AI Agents
- 2026WorldReasoner: Evaluating Whether Language Model Agents Forecast Events with Valid Reasoning
- 2026CogGym: Towards Large-Scale Comparative Evaluation of Human and Machine Cognition
- 2025HugAgent: A Human Simulation Benchmark for Individual-Level Reasoning
- 2025Knowing What You Know Is Not Enough: Large Language Model Confidences Don't Align With Their Actions
- 2025Beyond "Hallucinations": A Framework for Stable Human-AI Reasoning