From Memorization to Creativity: LLM as a Designer of Novel Neural Architectures

Large language models (LLMs) excel in program synthesis, yet their capacity for neural architecture design -- balancing syntactic reliability, performance, and structural novelty -- remains underexplored. We present a closed-loop architecture synthesis pipeline within the NNGPT framework, in which a code-oriented LLM evolves over 22 supervised fine-tuning cycles. At each cycle, the LLM synthesizes PyTorch convolutional networks, validated via low-fidelity performance signals and filtered via a MinHash--Jaccard criterion to prevent structural redundancy before being incorporated into the LEMUR dataset. High-performing candidates with novel architectures are converted into prompt--code pairs for parameter-efficient LoRA fine-tuning. This feedback loop drives a measurable distributional shift, progressively internalizing empirical architectural priors such that valid and high-performing outputs evolve from scarce to dominant across cycles. On CIFAR-10, the valid generation rate stabilizes at 50.6% (peaking at 74.5%), mean first-epoch accuracy rises from 28.1% to 51.0%, and candidates exceeding 40% accuracy grow from 2.0% to 96.8%. Cross-dataset transfer to CIFAR-100 and SVHN confirms that improved validity, shifted accuracy distributions, and sustained novelty generalize across benchmarks of varying difficulty and visual domain. Across 22 cycles, 455 unique architectures absent from the original corpus are admitted under the novelty filter. By grounding synthesis in execution feedback and novelty filtering, we demonstrate that iterative self-supervised fine-tuning reshapes an LLM into a task-specialized architectural prior -- improving generation reliability, proxy performance, and structural diversity -- offering a reproducible, annotation-free alternative to hand-crafted search spaces.