Close the Loop: Synthesizing Infinite Tool-Use Data via Multi-Agent Role-Playing
On the map: LLM agents and tool use → Tool learning and function calling
Abstract (arXiv)
Enabling Large Language Models (LLMs) to reliably invoke external tools remains a critical bottleneck for autonomous agents. Existing approaches suffer from three fundamental challenges: expensive human annotation for high-quality trajectories, poor generalization to unseen tools, and quality ceilings inherent in single-model synthesis that perpetuate biases and coverage gaps. We introduce InfTool, a fully autonomous framework that breaks these barriers through self-evolving multi-agent synthesis. Given only raw API specifications, InfTool orchestrates three collaborative agents (User Simulator, Tool-Calling Assistant, and MCP Server) to generate diverse, verified trajectories spanning single-turn calls to complex multi-step workflows. The framework establishes a closed loop: synthesized data trains the model via Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) with gated rewards, the improved model generates higher-quality data targeting capability gaps, and this cycle iterates without human intervention. Experiments on the Berkeley Function-Calling Leaderboard (BFCL) demonstrate that InfTool transforms a base 32B model from 19.8% to 70.9% accuracy (+258%), surpassing models 10x larger and rivaling Claude-Opus, and entirely from synthetic data without human annotation.
Key facts. Cited by 9 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Tool learning and function calling, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 13 of its 26 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 29 Dec 2025.
Builds on
13 of 26 references.
Closest ancestors · 5
Same direction, newest first
- 2024ADC: Enhancing Function Calling Via Adversarial Datasets and Code Line-Level Feedback23 Dec
- 2024Facilitating Multi-turn Function Calling for LLMs via Compositional Instruction Tuning16 Oct
- 2023ToolLLM: Facilitating Large Language Models to Master 16000+ Real-world APIs31 Jul
- 2023Gorilla: Large Language Model Connected with Massive APIs24 May
- 2023Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Tools9 Feb
Other references · 8
- 2024DeepSeekMath: Pushing the Limits of Mathematical Reasoning in Open Language Modelscited by 9,379
- 2022ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Modelscited by 8,695
- 2022Self-Instruct: Aligning Language Models with Self-Generated Instructionscited by 2,724
- 2024τ-bench: A Benchmark for Tool-Agent-User Interaction in Real-World Domainscited by 1,402
- 2023CAMEL: Communicative Agents for "Mind" Exploration of Large Language Model Societycited by 1,395
- 2025τ2-Bench: Evaluating Conversational Agents in a Dual-Control Environmentcited by 627
- 2019A Study of BFLOAT16 for Deep Learning Trainingcited by 232
- 2025Turning the Tide: Repository-based Code Reflectioncited by 5
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2026: 9.
9 papers.
- 2026Terminal-World: Scaling Terminal-Agent Environments via Agent Skillscited by 20
- 2026From Question Answering to Task Completion: A Survey on Agent System and Harness Designcited by 12
- 2026ASTRA: Automated Synthesis of agentic Trajectories and Reinforcement Arenascited by 8
- 2026AgentDoG 1.5: A Lightweight and Scalable Alignment Framework for AI Agent Safety and Securitycited by 8
- 2026What Makes Good Agentic Data? An ACE Lens on Data Generation for LLM Agentscited by 3
- 2026RODS: Reward-Driven Online Data Synthesis for Multi-Turn Tool-Use Agentscited by 2
- 2026SAP: State-Guided Data Synthesis with Argument Provenance for Multi-Turn Tool Usecited by 1
- 2026A Matter of TASTE: Improving Coverage and Difficulty of Agent Benchmarkscited by 0
- 2026AgentOmnia: Scaling Agentic Models for Full-Scenario Applicationscited by 0
- 2026SAP: State-Guided Data Synthesis with Argument Provenance for Multi-Turn Tool Use5 Sep 2026
- 2026What Makes Good Agentic Data? An ACE Lens on Data Generation for LLM Agents27 Aug 2026
- 2026AgentOmnia: Scaling Agentic Models for Full-Scenario Applications25 Jul 2026
- 2026RODS: Reward-Driven Online Data Synthesis for Multi-Turn Tool-Use Agents17 Jun 2026
- 2026From Question Answering to Task Completion: A Survey on Agent System and Harness Design14 Jun 2026
- 2026AgentDoG 1.5: A Lightweight and Scalable Alignment Framework for AI Agent Safety and Security28 May 2026
- 2026A Matter of TASTE: Improving Coverage and Difficulty of Agent Benchmarks27 May 2026
- 2026Terminal-World: Scaling Terminal-Agent Environments via Agent Skills20 May 2026
- 2026ASTRA: Automated Synthesis of agentic Trajectories and Reinforcement Arenas29 Jan 2026
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2026UniToolCall: Unifying Tool-Use Representation, Data, and Evaluation for LLM Agents
- 2025TOUCAN: Synthesizing 1.5M Tool-Agentic Data from Real-World MCP Environments
- 2025FABRIC: Framework for Agent-Based Realistic Intelligence Creation
- 2026ToolWeave: Structured Synthesis of Complex Multi-Turn Tool-Calling Dialogues
- 2025Generalizable End-to-End Tool-Use RL with Synthetic CodeGym
- 2025TRAJECT-Bench:A Trajectory-Aware Benchmark for Evaluating Agentic Tool Use
- 2025Multi-Mission Tool Bench: Assessing the Robustness of LLM based Agents through Related and Dynamic Missions
- 2026OpaqueToolsBench: Learning Nuances of Tool Behavior Through Interaction