mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

ToolForge: A Data Synthesis Pipeline for Multi-Hop Search without Real-World APIs

arXiv 2512.16149 ↗First posted 18 Dec 2025cs.AIcited by 8

On the map: LLM agents and tool use → Tool learning and function calling

also in 1 more
Abstract (arXiv)

Training LLMs to invoke tools and leverage retrieved information necessitates high-quality, diverse data. However, existing pipelines for synthetic data generation often rely on tens of thousands of real API calls to enhance generalization, incurring prohibitive costs while lacking multi-hop reasoning and self-reflection. To address these limitations, we introduce ToolForge, an automated synthesis framework that achieves strong real-world tool-calling performance by constructing only a small number of virtual tools, eliminating the need for real API calls. ToolForge leverages a (question, golden context, answer) triple to synthesize large-scale tool-learning data specifically designed for multi-hop search scenarios, further enriching the generated data through multi-hop reasoning and self-reflection mechanisms. To ensure data fidelity, we employ a Multi-Layer Validation Framework that integrates both rule-based and model-based assessments. Empirical results show that a model with only 8B parameters, when trained on our synthesized data, outperforms GPT-4o on multiple benchmarks. Our code and dataset are publicly available at https://github.com/Buycar-arb/ToolForge .

Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Tool learning and function calling, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 34 of its 50 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Dec 2025.

Builds on

34 of 50 references.

Closest ancestors · 9

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2024APIGen: Automated Pipeline for Generating Verifiable and Diverse Function-Calling Datasets26 Jun
  2. 2024Tool Learning in the Wild: Empowering Language Models as Automatic Tool Agents26 May
  3. 2024API-BLEND: A Comprehensive Corpora for Training and Benchmarking API LLMs23 Feb
  4. 2024TOOLVERIFIER: Generalization to New Tools via Self-Verification21 Feb
  5. 2024EASYTOOL: Enhancing LLM-based Agents with Concise Tool Instruction11 Jan
  6. 2023ToolLLM: Facilitating Large Language Models to Master 16000+ Real-world APIs31 Jul
  7. 2023ToolAlpaca: Generalized Tool Learning for Language Models with 3000 Simulated Cases8 Jun
  8. 2023Gorilla: Large Language Model Connected with Massive APIs24 May
  9. 2023Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Tools9 Feb

Other references · 25

  1. 2025Qwen3 Technical Reportcited by 8,195
  2. 2022Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 5,601
  3. 2016SQuAD: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Textcited by 4,115
  4. 2023Reflexion: Language Agents with Verbal Reinforcement Learningcited by 4,064
  5. 2018HotpotQA: A Dataset for Diverse, Explainable Multi-hop Question Answeringcited by 3,686
  6. 2017TriviaQA: A Large Scale Distantly Supervised Challenge Dataset for Reading Comprehensioncited by 2,895
  7. 2023GPQA: A Graduate-Level Google-Proof Q&A Benchmarkcited by 2,748
  8. 2025Search-R1: Training LLMs to Reason and Leverage Search Engines with Reinforcement Learningcited by 1,371
  9. 2024τ-bench: A Benchmark for Tool-Agent-User Interaction in Real-World Domainscited by 1,280
  10. 2020Constructing A Multi-hop QA Dataset for Comprehensive Evaluation of Reasoning Stepscited by 1,259
  11. 2022When Not to Trust Language Models: Investigating Effectiveness of Parametric and Non-Parametric Memoriescited by 1,103
  12. 2022Measuring and Narrowing the Compositionality Gap in Language Modelscited by 1,054
13 more
  1. 2021MuSiQue: Multihop Questions via Single-hop Question Compositioncited by 893
  2. 2023ChemCrow: Augmenting large-language models with chemistry toolscited by 609
  3. 2018The Web as a Knowledge-base for Answering Complex Questionscited by 409
  4. 2024SWIFT:A Scalable lightWeight Infrastructure for Fine-Tuningcited by 345
  5. 2024GenArtist: Multimodal LLM as an Agent for Unified Image Generation and Editingcited by 132
  6. 2024AgentInstruct: Toward Generative Teaching with Agentic Flowscited by 88
  7. 2024Comprehensive Exploration of Synthetic Data Generation: A Surveycited by 59
  8. 2024Large Language Models Can Solve Real-World Planning Rigorously with Formal Verification Toolscited by 47
  9. 2024Advancing Tool-Augmented Large Language Models: Integrating Insights from Errors in Inference Treescited by 38
  10. 2024AppBench: Planning of Multiple APIs from Various APPs for Complex User Instructioncited by 24
  11. 2025RLFactory: A Plug-and-Play Reinforcement Learning Post-Training Framework for LLM Multi-Turn Tool-Usecited by 17
  12. 2025ResT: Reshaping Token-Level Policy Gradients for Tool-Use Large Language Modelscited by 9
  13. 2025LocalSearchBench: Benchmarking Agentic Search in Real-World Local Life Servicescited by 7

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 1; 2026: 7.

8 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2025ToolHop: A Query-Driven Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models in Multi-Hop Tool Use
  2. 2026ToolWeave: Structured Synthesis of Complex Multi-Turn Tool-Calling Dialogues
  3. 2025Benchmarking Deep Search over Heterogeneous Enterprise Data
  4. 2025Demystifying deep search: a holistic evaluation with hint-free multi-hop questions and factorised metrics
  5. 2024Data-Efficient Massive Tool Retrieval: A Reinforcement Learning Approach for Query-Tool Alignment with Language Models
  6. 2025FunReason-MT Technical Report: Advanced Data Synthesis Solution for Real-world Multi-Turn Tool-use
  7. 2026SearchMaster: Grounded and Regulated Self-Play for Search Agents
  8. 2026Beyond Single-Shot: Multi-step Tool Retrieval via Query Planning