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DELTA: Language Diffusion-based EEG-to-Text Architecture

arXiv 2511.21746 ↗First posted 22 Nov 2025cs.CLcited by 0

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Abstract (arXiv)

Electroencephalogram (EEG)-to-text remains challenging due to high-dimensional noise, subject variability, and error accumulation in autoregressive decoding. We introduce DELTA, which pairs a Residual Vector Quantization (RVQ) EEG tokenizer with a masked language diffusion model (LLaDA). RVQ discretizes continuous EEG into multi-layer tokens to reduce noise and individual differences, while LLaDA reconstructs sentences via non-sequential denoising. On ZuCo, DELTA improves semantic alignment by up to 5.37 points over autoregressive baselines, achieving BLEU-1 21.9 and ROUGE-1 F 17.2 under word-level conditions. These results enable reliable text generation from small EEG-text datasets and point toward scalable multimodal EEG-language models.

Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 17 of its 25 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Nov 2025.

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References · 17

  1. 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 20,851
  2. 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,491
  3. 2019BART: Denoising Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training for Natural Language Generation, Translation, and Comprehensioncited by 5,874
  4. 2022Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 5,601
  5. 2017Neural Discrete Representation Learningcited by 4,650
  6. 2023QLoRA: Efficient Finetuning of Quantized LLMscited by 3,355
  7. 2021Structured Denoising Diffusion Models in Discrete State-Spacescited by 1,665
  8. 2019PEGASUS: Pre-training with Extracted Gap-sentences for Abstractive Summarizationcited by 1,100
  9. 2025Large Language Diffusion Modelscited by 872
  10. 2021SoundStream: An End-to-End Neural Audio Codeccited by 756
  11. 2022High Fidelity Neural Audio Compressioncited by 673
  12. 2021Open Vocabulary Electroencephalography-To-Text Decoding and Zero-shot Sentiment Classificationcited by 67
5 more
  1. 2019ZuCo 2.0: A Dataset of Physiological Recordings During Natural Reading and Annotationcited by 65
  2. 2023DeWave: Discrete EEG Waves Encoding for Brain Dynamics to Text Translationcited by 36
  3. 2024Are EEG-to-Text Models Working?cited by 32
  4. 2024Thought2Text: Text Generation from EEG Signal using Large Language Models (LLMs)cited by 18
  5. 2024MixNet: Joining Force of Classical and Modern Approaches Toward the Comprehensive Pipeline in Motor Imagery EEG Classificationcited by 3

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  1. 2024SEE: Semantically Aligned EEG-to-Text Translation
  2. 2025EEG2TEXT-CN: An Exploratory Study of Open-Vocabulary Chinese Text-EEG Alignment via Large Language Model and Contrastive Learning on ChineseEEG
  3. 2026RAG-based EEG-to-Text Translation Using Deep Learning and LLMs
  4. 2025LLMs Help Alleviate the Cross-Subject Variability in Brain Signal and Language Alignment
  5. 2026SENSE: Efficient EEG-to-Text via Privacy-Preserving Semantic Retrieval
  6. 2025A Survey on Bridging EEG Signals and Generative AI: From Image and Text to Beyond
  7. 2026SYNAPSE: Neuro-Symbolic Visual Thought-to-Text Decoding via Topological Semantic Denoising
  8. 2024EEG-Language Pretraining for Highly Label-Efficient Clinical Phenotyping