mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Revisiting NLI: Towards Cost-Effective and Human-Aligned Metrics for Evaluating LLMs in Question Answering

arXiv 2511.07659 ↗First posted 10 Nov 2025cs.CL cs.AIcited by 4

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Abstract (arXiv)

Evaluating answers from state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) is challenging: lexical metrics miss semantic nuances, whereas "LLM-as-Judge" scoring is computationally expensive. We re-evaluate a lightweight alternative -- off-the-shelf Natural Language Inference (NLI) scoring augmented by a simple lexical-match flag and find that this decades-old technique matches GPT-4o's accuracy (89.9%) on long-form QA, while requiring orders-of-magnitude fewer parameters. To test human alignment of these metrics rigorously, we introduce DIVER-QA, a new 3000-sample human-annotated benchmark spanning five QA datasets and five candidate LLMs. Our results highlight that inexpensive NLI-based evaluation remains competitive and offer DIVER-QA as an open resource for future metric research.

Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 26 of its 36 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 Nov 2025.

Builds on

26 of 36 references.

References · 26

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14 more
  1. 2024MMLU-Pro: A More Robust and Challenging Multi-Task Language Understanding Benchmarkcited by 1,848
  2. 2018Know What You Don't Know: Unanswerable Questions for SQuADcited by 1,554
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  12. 2024Are LLM-based Evaluators Confusing NLG Quality Criteria?cited by 36
  13. 2021Does Putting a Linguist in the Loop Improve NLU Data Collection?cited by 29
  14. 2024A Study on Large Language Models' Limitations in Multiple-Choice Question Answeringcited by 22

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 4.

4 papers.

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  1. 2026LLM as a Meta-Judge: Synthetic Data for NLP Evaluation Metric Validation
  2. 2023TencentLLMEval: A Hierarchical Evaluation of Real-World Capabilities for Human-Aligned LLMs
  3. 2023ToolQA: A Dataset for LLM Question Answering with External Tools
  4. 2026SCORE: Specificity, Context Utilization, Robustness, and Relevance for Reference-Free LLM Evaluation
  5. 2024CFMatch: Aligning Automated Answer Equivalence Evaluation with Expert Judgments For Open-Domain Question Answering
  6. 2025MinosEval: Distinguishing Factoid and Non-Factoid for Tailored Open-Ended QA Evaluation with LLMs
  7. 2023L-Eval: Instituting Standardized Evaluation for Long Context Language Models
  8. 2023Rethinking STS and NLI in Large Language Models