mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Contextual Representation Flow Across Depth in State-Space and Transformer Architectures

arXiv 2510.06640 ↗First posted 8 Oct 2025cs.CL cs.LGcited by 3

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Abstract (arXiv)

State Space Models (SSMs) have emerged as efficient, linear-time alternatives to Transformer-Based Models (TBMs) for long-context processing. However, their different mechanisms raise an important question: how does contextual representation flow across depth differ between these model families and their hybrids? We examine this question across twenty-one pretrained models, combining token-wise spectral diversity, layer-wise variation on seven datasets, and answer-location probing on two retrieval tasks. This joint analysis reveals that TBMs retain most of their token diversity at the output, whereas SSMs reach richer intermediate diversity but retain less of it on average, with late-layer compression. Comparisons with reinitialized weights reveal that these profiles depend on pretrained weights, while hybrids combine strong answer-location accessibility with architecture-dependent geometry, showing that high accessibility need not require the steadiest representation flow. Finally, we conduct theoretical case studies connecting these contrasts to mechanism-level differences: query-time token mixing in TBMs, repeated recurrent updates in SSMs, and preserved attention updates in hybrids.

Key facts. Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 28 of its 38 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Oct 2025.

Builds on

28 of 38 references.

References · 28

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
  2. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,240
  3. 2023Mamba: Linear-Time Sequence Modeling with Selective State Spacescited by 4,718
  4. 2015Delving Deep into Rectifiers: Surpassing Human-Level Performance on ImageNet Classificationcited by 3,611
  5. 2016Gaussian Error Linear Units (GELUs)cited by 3,502
  6. 2023Lost in the Middle: How Language Models Use Long Contextscited by 3,455
  7. 2020Longformer: The Long-Document Transformercited by 3,413
  8. 2020The Pile: An 800GB Dataset of Diverse Text for Language Modelingcited by 2,411
  9. 2023Pythia: A Suite for Analyzing Large Language Models Across Training and Scalingcited by 1,786
  10. 2019Similarity of Neural Network Representations Revisitedcited by 1,755
  11. 2024Transformers are SSMs: Generalized Models and Efficient Algorithms Through Structured State Space Dualitycited by 1,336
  12. 2019How Contextual are Contextualized Word Representations? Comparing the Geometry of BERT, ELMo, and GPT-2 Embeddingscited by 784
16 more
  1. 2023Hyena Hierarchy: Towards Larger Convolutional Language Modelscited by 393
  2. 2024ShortGPT: Layers in Large Language Models are More Redundant Than You Expectcited by 383
  3. 2025Layer by Layer: Uncovering Hidden Representations in Language Modelscited by 311
  4. 2023Towards Revealing the Mystery behind Chain of Thought: A Theoretical Perspectivecited by 294
  5. 2024Repeat After Me: Transformers are Better than State Space Models at Copyingcited by 216
  6. 2019Emerging Cross-lingual Structure in Pretrained Language Modelscited by 181
  7. 2020Probing Pretrained Language Models for Lexical Semanticscited by 156
  8. 2023Similarity of Neural Network Models: A Survey of Functional and Representational Measurescited by 131
  9. 2025A Comprehensive Survey on Long Context Language Modelingcited by 117
  10. 2024Not All Layers of LLMs Are Necessary During Inferencecited by 96
  11. 2024The Hidden Attention of Mamba Modelscited by 91
  12. 2024Is Cosine-Similarity of Embeddings Really About Similarity?cited by 89
  13. 2024Insights into LLM Long-Context Failures: When Transformers Know but Don't Tellcited by 36
  14. 2024Is It Really Long Context if All You Need Is Retrieval? Towards Genuinely Difficult Long Context NLPcited by 27
  15. 2024Understanding and Mitigating Bottlenecks of State Space Models through the Lens of Recency and Over-smoothingcited by 18
  16. 2024Does Transformer Interpretability Transfer to RNNs?cited by 9

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 1; 2026: 2.

3 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2026Global Divergence, Local Convergence: Representation Geometry in SSMs and Transformers
  2. 2024Does Representation Matter? Exploring Intermediate Layers in Large Language Models
  3. 2026Comparing Latent Concept Formation in State Space Models and Transformers via Sparse Autoencoders
  4. 2025Bridging the Dimensional Chasm: Uncover Layer-wise Dimensional Reduction in Transformers through Token Correlation
  5. 2026A Comparative Analysis of Attention versus State-Space Models for In-Context Learning
  6. 2026The Topological Trouble With Transformers
  7. 2026Priming: Hybrid State Space Models From Pre-trained Transformers
  8. 2026State Design Matters: How Representations Shape Dynamic Reasoning in Large Language Models