TS-Reasoner: Aligning Time Series Foundation Models with LLM Reasoning

Time series reasoning is crucial to decision-making in diverse domains, including finance, energy, and scientific discovery. While existing time series foundation models (TSFMs) can capture low-level dynamic patterns and provide accurate forecasting, further analysis usually requires additional background knowledge and sophisticated reasoning, which are lacking in most TSFMs but can be achieved through Large Language Models (LLMs). On the other hand, without expensive post-training, LLMs often struggle with the numerical understanding of time series data. Although it is intuitive to integrate the two types of models, developing effective training recipes that align the two modalities for reasoning tasks is still an open challenge. To this end, we propose TS-Reasoner that aligns the latent representations of TSFMs with the textual inputs of LLMs for downstream understanding/reasoning tasks. Specifically, we propose a simple yet effective method to curate diverse, synthetic pairs of time series and textual captions for alignment training. We then develop a two-stage training recipe that applies instruction fine-tuning after the alignment pretraining. Unlike existing works that train an LLM to take time series as inputs, we leverage a pretrained TSFM and freeze it during training. Experiments on several benchmarks demonstrate that TS-Reasoner not only outperforms a wide range of open-source LLMs, Vision-Language Models (VLMs), and Time Series LLMs of comparable scale, but also does so with remarkable data efficiency, e.g., using less than half the training data.