Hybrid Diffusion for Simultaneous Symbolic and Continuous Planning
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Abstract (arXiv)
Constructing robots to accomplish long-horizon tasks is a long-standing challenge within artificial intelligence. Approaches using generative methods, particularly Diffusion Models, have gained attention due to their ability to model continuous robotic trajectories for planning and control. However, we show that these models struggle with long-horizon tasks that involve complex decision-making and, in general, are prone to confusing different modes of behavior, leading to failure. To remedy this, we propose to augment continuous trajectory generation by simultaneously generating a high-level symbolic plan. We show that this requires a novel mix of discrete variable diffusion and continuous diffusion, which dramatically outperforms the baselines. In addition, we illustrate how this hybrid diffusion process enables flexible trajectory synthesis, allowing us to condition synthesized actions on partial and complete symbolic conditions.
Key facts. Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 40 of its 45 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Sep 2025.
Builds on
40 of 45 references.
References · 40
- 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 21,076
- 2015Deep Unsupervised Learning using Nonequilibrium Thermodynamicscited by 7,058
- 2022Classifier-Free Diffusion Guidancecited by 5,847
- 2023Diffusion Policy: Visuomotor Policy Learning via Action Diffusioncited by 2,838
- 2021Structured Denoising Diffusion Models in Discrete State-Spacescited by 1,719
- 2021Variational Diffusion Modelscited by 1,153
- 2022MaskGIT: Masked Generative Image Transformercited by 1,099
- 2022Planning with Diffusion for Flexible Behavior Synthesiscited by 1,061
- 2021What Matters in Learning from Offline Human Demonstrations for Robot Manipulationcited by 725
- 2024Diffusion Forcing: Next-token Prediction Meets Full-Sequence Diffusioncited by 681
- 2024Simplified and Generalized Masked Diffusion for Discrete Datacited by 626
- 2021CLIPort: What and Where Pathways for Robotic Manipulationcited by 622
28 more
- 2021CALVIN: A Benchmark for Language-Conditioned Policy Learning for Long-Horizon Robot Manipulation Taskscited by 584
- 2022Is Conditional Generative Modeling all you need for Decision-Making?cited by 516
- 2022A Continuous Time Framework for Discrete Denoising Modelscited by 451
- 2019Relay Policy Learning: Solving Long-Horizon Tasks via Imitation and Reinforcement Learningcited by 384
- 2020Transporter Networks: Rearranging the Visual World for Robotic Manipulationcited by 344
- 2020Integrated Task and Motion Planningcited by 290
- 2023Imitating Human Behaviour with Diffusion Modelscited by 263
- 2023Goal-Conditioned Imitation Learning using Score-based Diffusion Policiescited by 236
- 2023Motion Planning Diffusion: Learning and Planning of Robot Motions with Diffusion Modelscited by 161
- 2018PDDLStream: Integrating Symbolic Planners and Blackbox Samplers via Optimistic Adaptive Planningcited by 150
- 2022VIOLA: Imitation Learning for Vision-Based Manipulation with Object Proposal Priorscited by 136
- 2024ALOHA Unleashed: A Simple Recipe for Robot Dexteritycited by 134
- 2023Generative Skill Chaining: Long-Horizon Skill Planning with Diffusion Modelscited by 91
- 2024Simple Hierarchical Planning with Diffusioncited by 73
- 2024The Ingredients for Robotic Diffusion Transformerscited by 73
- 2019Online Replanning in Belief Space for Partially Observable Task and Motion Problemscited by 61
- 2022Predicate Invention for Bilevel Planningcited by 49
- 2023EDMP: Ensemble-of-costs-guided Diffusion for Motion Planningcited by 49
- 2024DiffuserLite: Towards Real-time Diffusion Planningcited by 42
- 2024Potential Based Diffusion Motion Planningcited by 41
- 2025Generative Trajectory Stitching through Diffusion Compositioncited by 41
- 2023Quantum circuit synthesis with diffusion modelscited by 33
- 2023Human-in-the-Loop Task and Motion Planning for Imitation Learningcited by 29
- 2023DiMSam: Diffusion Models as Samplers for Task and Motion Planning under Partial Observabilitycited by 22
- 2024Diffusion Model for Planning: A Systematic Literature Reviewcited by 17
- 2024SPIRE: Synergistic Planning, Imitation, and Reinforcement Learning for Long-Horizon Manipulationcited by 11
- 2024From Real World to Logic and Back: Learning Generalizable Relational Concepts For Long Horizon Robot Planningcited by 9
- 2025CHD: Coupled Hierarchical Diffusion for Long-Horizon Taskscited by 6
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 1; 2026: 6.
7 papers.
- 2026OAT: Ordered Action Tokenizationcited by 15
- 2025Flexible Multitask Learning with Factorized Diffusion Policycited by 5
- 2026Action Hallucination in Generative Vision-Language-Action Modelscited by 5
- 2026Ordered Action Tokens for Visuomotor Policy Learningcited by 3
- 2026Plan First, Diffuse Later: Extrinsic Graph Guidance for Long-Horizon Diffusion Planningcited by 0
- 2026IMPACT: Learning Internal-Model Predictive Control for Forceful Robotic Manipulationcited by 0
- 2026Learning Task and Motion Plans from Real Demonstrations with Hybrid Flow Matchingcited by 0
- 2026Learning Task and Motion Plans from Real Demonstrations with Hybrid Flow Matching3 Oct 2026
- 2026Ordered Action Tokens for Visuomotor Policy Learning23 Jul 2026
- 2026IMPACT: Learning Internal-Model Predictive Control for Forceful Robotic Manipulation9 Jun 2026
- 2026Plan First, Diffuse Later: Extrinsic Graph Guidance for Long-Horizon Diffusion Planning16 May 2026
- 2026Action Hallucination in Generative Vision-Language-Action Models6 Feb 2026
- 2026OAT: Ordered Action Tokenization4 Feb 2026
- 2025Flexible Multitask Learning with Factorized Diffusion Policy26 Dec 2025
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2026Robots as Tokens: Unified Diffusion Transformer for Coordinated Multi-Robot Trajectory Generation
- 2024Multi-Robot Motion Planning with Diffusion Models
- 2025Cascaded Diffusion Models for Neural Motion Planning
- 2026Learning Bilevel Policies over Symbolic World Models for Long-Horizon Planning
- 2026Model-Based Online Decision Making via Generative Trajectory Planning
- 2025Code-as-Symbolic-Planner: Foundation Model-Based Robot Planning via Symbolic Code Generation
- 2024Diffusion Meets Options: Hierarchical Generative Skill Composition for Temporally-Extended Tasks
- 2025Model-Based Diffusion Sampling for Predictive Control in Offline Decision Making