mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

LLM-Enhanced Self-Evolving Reinforcement Learning for Multi-Step E-Commerce Payment Fraud Risk Detection

arXiv 2509.18719 ↗First posted 23 Sep 2025cs.LGcited by 3

On the map: Synthetic data and self-improvement for LLMs → Self-evolving LLM agents

Abstract (arXiv)

This paper presents a novel approach to e-commerce payment fraud detection by integrating reinforcement learning (RL) with Large Language Models (LLMs). By framing transaction risk as a multi-step Markov Decision Process (MDP), RL optimizes risk detection across multiple payment stages. Crafting effective reward functions, essential for RL model success, typically requires significant human expertise due to the complexity and variability in design. LLMs, with their advanced reasoning and coding capabilities, are well-suited to refine these functions, offering improvements over traditional methods. Our approach leverages LLMs to iteratively enhance reward functions, achieving better fraud detection accuracy and demonstrating zero-shot capability. Experiments with real-world data confirm the effectiveness, robustness, and resilience of our LLM-enhanced RL framework through long-term evaluations, underscoring the potential of LLMs in advancing industrial RL applications.

Key facts. Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Self-evolving LLM agents, one of 13 directions in Synthetic data and self-improvement for LLMs. Builds on 5 of its 15 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Sep 2025.

Builds on

5 of 15 references.

References · 5

  1. 2021Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Codecited by 8,320
  2. 2022Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasonerscited by 4,374
  3. 2024DeepSeek-Coder: When the Large Language Model Meets Programming -- The Rise of Code Intelligencecited by 1,181
  4. 2020Deep Q-Network-based Adaptive Alert Threshold Selection Policy for Payment Fraud Systems in Retail Bankingcited by 10
  5. 2021Application of Deep Reinforcement Learning to Payment Fraudcited by 3

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 3.

3 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2026Reinforcement Learning of Large Language Models for Interpretable Credit Card Fraud Detection
  2. 2022Benchmarking Offline Reinforcement Learning Algorithms for E-Commerce Order Fraud Evaluation
  3. 2026SAGE: An LLM-driven Self Reflective Agentic Framework for Fraud Detection
  4. 2026LLM-Enhanced Reinforcement Learning for Time Series Anomaly Detection
  5. 2026Semantic Pareto-DQN: A Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning Framework for Financial Anomaly Detection
  6. 2026Traceable LLM Reasoning for Fake-Order Fraud Detection
  7. 2025SHERLOCK: Towards Dynamic Knowledge Adaptation in LLM-enhanced E-commerce Risk Management
  8. 2026Understanding LLM Evaluator Behavior: A Structured Multi-Evaluator Framework for Merchant Risk Assessment