Robotic Manipulation via Imitation Learning: Taxonomy, Evolution, Benchmark, and Challenges
On the map: Offline RL and imitation learning from data → Robot manipulation imitation learning
Abstract (arXiv)
Robotic Manipulation (RM) is central to the advancement of autonomous robots, enabling them to interact with and manipulate objects in real-world environments. This survey focuses on RM methodologies that leverage imitation learning, a powerful technique that allows robots to learn complex manipulation skills by mimicking human demonstrations. We identify and analyze the most influential studies in this domain, selected based on community impact and intrinsic quality. For each paper, we provide a structured summary, covering the research purpose, technical implementation, hierarchical classification, input formats, key priors, strengths and limitations, and citation metrics. Additionally, we trace the chronological development of imitation learning techniques within RM policy (RMP), offering a timeline of key technological advancements. Where available, we report benchmark results and perform quantitative evaluations to compare existing methods. By synthesizing these insights, this review provides a comprehensive resource for researchers and practitioners, highlighting both the state of the art and the challenges that lie ahead in the field of robotic manipulation through imitation learning.
Key facts. Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Robot manipulation imitation learning, one of 13 directions in Offline RL and imitation learning from data. Builds on 127 of its 150 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Aug 2025.
Builds on
127 of 150 references.
Closest ancestors · 9
Same direction, newest first
- 2025RoboVerse: Towards a Unified Platform, Dataset and Benchmark for Scalable and Generalizable Robot Learning26 Apr
- 2025Spatial-Temporal Graph Diffusion Policy with Kinematic Modeling for Bimanual Robotic Manipulation13 Mar
- 2025Reactive Diffusion Policy: Slow-Fast Visual-Tactile Policy Learning for Contact-Rich Manipulation4 Mar
- 2024Efficient Diffusion Transformer Policies with Mixture of Expert Denoisers for Multitask Learning17 Dec
- 2024Flow Matching Imitation Learning for Multi-Support Manipulation17 Jul
- 2024Multimodal Diffusion Transformer: Learning Versatile Behavior from Multimodal Goals8 Jul
- 2024EquiBot: SIM(3)-Equivariant Diffusion Policy for Generalizable and Data Efficient Learning1 Jul
- 2023LOTUS: Continual Imitation Learning for Robot Manipulation Through Unsupervised Skill Discovery3 Nov
- 2023Learning Fine-Grained Bimanual Manipulation with Low-Cost Hardware23 Apr
Other references · 118
- 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 21,076
- 2020Denoising Diffusion Implicit Modelscited by 9,781
- 2020Score-Based Generative Modeling through Stochastic Differential Equationscited by 9,122
- 2023Segment Anythingcited by 8,234
- 2022Flow Matching for Generative Modelingcited by 5,702
- 2023RT-2: Vision-Language-Action Models Transfer Web Knowledge to Robotic Controlcited by 3,080
- 2024OpenVLA: An Open-Source Vision-Language-Action Modelcited by 2,887
- 2023Diffusion Policy: Visuomotor Policy Learning via Action Diffusioncited by 2,838
- 2024π0: A Vision-Language-Action Flow Model for General Robot Controlcited by 2,407
- 2022Do As I Can, Not As I Say: Grounding Language in Robotic Affordancescited by 2,348
- 2023PaLM-E: An Embodied Multimodal Language Modelcited by 2,071
- 2022RT-1: Robotics Transformer for Real-World Control at Scalecited by 2,061
38 more
- 2024Octo: An Open-Source Generalist Robot Policycited by 1,484
- 2020D4RL: Datasets for Deep Data-Driven Reinforcement Learningcited by 1,427
- 2023LIBERO: Benchmarking Knowledge Transfer for Lifelong Robot Learningcited by 1,410
- 2025GR00T N1: An Open Foundation Model for Generalist Humanoid Robotscited by 1,225
- 2019Meta-World: A Benchmark and Evaluation for Multi-Task and Meta Reinforcement Learningcited by 1,204
- 2025Fine-Tuning Vision-Language-Action Models: Optimizing Speed and Successcited by 883
- 2022A Generalist Agentcited by 808
- 2023VoxPoser: Composable 3D Value Maps for Robotic Manipulation with Language Modelscited by 750
- 2021What Matters in Learning from Offline Human Demonstrations for Robot Manipulationcited by 725
- 2022R3M: A Universal Visual Representation for Robot Manipulationcited by 694
- 2024RDT-1B: a Diffusion Foundation Model for Bimanual Manipulationcited by 691
- 2019RLBench: The Robot Learning Benchmark & Learning Environmentcited by 689
- 2025FAST: Efficient Action Tokenization for Vision-Language-Action Modelscited by 665
- 2021CLIPort: What and Where Pathways for Robotic Manipulationcited by 622
- 2021CALVIN: A Benchmark for Language-Conditioned Policy Learning for Long-Horizon Robot Manipulation Taskscited by 584
- 2022Perceiver-Actor: A Multi-Task Transformer for Robotic Manipulationcited by 551
- 2025SmolVLA: A Vision-Language-Action Model for Affordable and Efficient Roboticscited by 530
- 2025SpatialVLA: Exploring Spatial Representations for Visual-Language-Action Modelcited by 519
- 2020robosuite: A Modular Simulation Framework and Benchmark for Robot Learningcited by 511
- 2024Evaluating Real-World Robot Manipulation Policies in Simulationcited by 495
- 2025CoT-VLA: Visual Chain-of-Thought Reasoning for Vision-Language-Action Modelscited by 451
- 2024CogACT: A Foundational Vision-Language-Action Model for Synergizing Cognition and Action in Robotic Manipulationcited by 422
- 2025UniVLA: Learning to Act Anywhere with Task-centric Latent Actionscited by 410
- 2022VIMA: General Robot Manipulation with Multimodal Promptscited by 407
- 2025AgiBot World Colosseo: A Large-scale Manipulation Platform for Scalable and Intelligent Embodied Systemscited by 405
- 2025WorldVLA: Towards Autoregressive Action World Modelcited by 367
- 2023Unleashing Large-Scale Video Generative Pre-training for Visual Robot Manipulationcited by 364
- 2023Vision-Language Foundation Models as Effective Robot Imitatorscited by 349
- 2024Robotic Control via Embodied Chain-of-Thought Reasoningcited by 346
- 20243D-VLA: A 3D Vision-Language-Action Generative World Modelcited by 328
- 2023ManiSkill2: A Unified Benchmark for Generalizable Manipulation Skillscited by 327
- 2024Latent Action Pretraining from Videoscited by 321
- 2024ReKep: Spatio-Temporal Reasoning of Relational Keypoint Constraints for Robotic Manipulationcited by 315
- 2024TraceVLA: Visual Trace Prompting Enhances Spatial-Temporal Awareness for Generalist Robotic Policiescited by 304
- 20243D Diffuser Actor: Policy Diffusion with 3D Scene Representationscited by 282
- 2024A Survey on Vision-Language-Action Models for Embodied AIcited by 279
- 2023Zero-Shot Robotic Manipulation with Pretrained Image-Editing Diffusion Modelscited by 269
- 2022Masked Visual Pre-training for Motor Controlcited by 248
50 most cited of 118 All 118 (JSON)
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 1; 2026: 2.
3 papers.
- 2025RoboScape-R: Unified Reward-Observation World Models for Generalizable Robotics Training via RLcited by 5
- 2026Dynamics-Aware Meta-Imitation for Generalization to Unseen Robotic Manipulationcited by 0
- 2026A Hierarchical Approach to Imitation Learning for Manipulation Tasks Requiring Time Varying Forcescited by 0
- 2026A Hierarchical Approach to Imitation Learning for Manipulation Tasks Requiring Time Varying Forces4 Aug 2026
- 2026Dynamics-Aware Meta-Imitation for Generalization to Unseen Robotic Manipulation17 Jul 2026
- 2025RoboScape-R: Unified Reward-Observation World Models for Generalizable Robotics Training via RL3 Dec 2025
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025Dexterous Manipulation through Imitation Learning: A Survey
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- 2025RoboManipBaselines: A Unified Framework for Imitation Learning in Robotic Manipulation across Real and Simulation Environments
- 2018An Algorithmic Perspective on Imitation Learning
- 2024A Comparison of Imitation Learning Algorithms for Bimanual Manipulation
- 2021Imitation Learning: Progress, Taxonomies and Challenges
- 2022Dexterous Imitation Made Easy: A Learning-Based Framework for Efficient Dexterous Manipulation
- 2024VITAL: Interactive Few-Shot Imitation Learning via Visual Human-in-the-Loop Corrections