LIFELONG SOTOPIA: Evaluating Social Intelligence of Language Agents Over Lifelong Social Interactions
On the map: LLM agents and tool use → General LLM agent frameworks and benchmarks
Abstract (arXiv)
Humans engage in lifelong social interactions through interacting with different people under different scenarios for different social goals. This requires social intelligence to gather information through a long time span and use it to navigate various social contexts effectively. Whether AI systems are also capable of this is understudied in the existing research. In this paper, we present a novel benchmark, LIFELONG-SOTOPIA, to perform a comprehensive evaluation of language agents by simulating multi-episode interactions. In each episode, the language agents role-play characters to achieve their respective social goals in randomly sampled social tasks. With LIFELONG-SOTOPIA, we find that goal achievement and believability of all of the language models that we test decline through the whole interaction. Although using an advanced memory method improves the agents' performance, the best agents still achieve a significantly lower goal completion rate than humans on scenarios requiring an explicit understanding of interaction history. These findings show that we can use LIFELONG-SOTOPIA to evaluate the social intelligence of language agents over lifelong social interactions.
Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in General LLM agent frameworks and benchmarks, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 23 of its 42 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Jun 2025.
Builds on
23 of 42 references.
Closest ancestors · 4
Same direction, newest first
- 2024Towards Objectively Benchmarking Social Intelligence for Language Agents at Action Level8 Apr
- 2024SOTOPIA-π: Interactive Learning of Socially Intelligent Language Agents13 Mar
- 2023SOTOPIA: Interactive Evaluation for Social Intelligence in Language Agents18 Oct
- 2023Building Cooperative Embodied Agents Modularly with Large Language Models5 Jul
Other references · 19
- 2022FlashAttention: Fast and Memory-Efficient Exact Attention with IO-Awarenesscited by 3,673
- 2023Lost in the Middle: How Language Models Use Long Contextscited by 3,455
- 2023Efficient Streaming Language Models with Attention Sinkscited by 2,186
- 2024RULER: What's the Real Context Size of Your Long-Context Language Models?cited by 1,346
- 2020Long Range Arena: A Benchmark for Efficient Transformerscited by 700
- 2024A Survey on the Memory Mechanism of Large Language Model based Agentscited by 634
- 2023Role-Play with Large Language Modelscited by 294
- 2023Ghost in the Minecraft: Generally Capable Agents for Open-World Environments via Large Language Models with Text-based Knowledge and Memorycited by 289
- 2023L-Eval: Instituting Standardized Evaluation for Long Context Language Modelscited by 233
- 2024World Model on Million-Length Video And Language With Blockwise RingAttentioncited by 198
- 2022Continual Learning of Natural Language Processing Tasks: A Surveycited by 83
- 2022Keep Me Updated! Memory Management in Long-term Conversationscited by 63
7 more
- 2024EmoBench: Evaluating the Emotional Intelligence of Large Language Modelscited by 53
- 2024Sparser is Faster and Less is More: Efficient Sparse Attention for Long-Range Transformerscited by 52
- 2024SocialBench: Sociality Evaluation of Role-Playing Conversational Agentscited by 50
- 2022Less is More: Learning to Refine Dialogue History for Personalized Dialogue Generationcited by 47
- 2024InterIntent: Investigating Social Intelligence of LLMs via Intention Understanding in an Interactive Game Contextcited by 26
- 2024Advancing Social Intelligence in AI Agents: Technical Challenges and Open Questionscited by 22
- 2024Social Intelligence Data Infrastructure: Structuring the Present and Navigating the Futurecited by 11
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 1; 2026: 7.
8 papers.
- 2026LifeSim: Long-Horizon User Life Simulator for Personalized Assistant Evaluationcited by 11
- 2026M3-BENCH: Process-Aware Evaluation of LLM Agents' Social Behaviors in Mixed-Motive Gamescited by 8
- 2025ProMediate: A Socio-cognitive framework for evaluating proactive agents in multi-party negotiationcited by 3
- 2026FinEvolveBench: A Benchmark for Self-Evolving Agents on Low-Repetition Tasks with Implicit Rewardscited by 3
- 2026SocialVeil: Probing Social Intelligence of Language Agents under Communication Barrierscited by 2
- 2026SocialRL: Refining LLMs' Social Intelligence through Multi-turn Reinforcement Learning and Reward Designcited by 1
- 2026Social World Model for Lifelong Social Intelligencecited by 0
- 2026Agent Sociodrama: Social-Dynamics-Guided Persona Recasting for LLM Agent Teamscited by 0
- 2026Agent Sociodrama: Social-Dynamics-Guided Persona Recasting for LLM Agent Teams11 Oct 2026
- 2026SocialRL: Refining LLMs' Social Intelligence through Multi-turn Reinforcement Learning and Reward Design9 Sep 2026
- 2026Social World Model for Lifelong Social Intelligence19 Jun 2026
- 2026FinEvolveBench: A Benchmark for Self-Evolving Agents on Low-Repetition Tasks with Implicit Rewards5 Jun 2026
- 2026LifeSim: Long-Horizon User Life Simulator for Personalized Assistant Evaluation12 Mar 2026
- 2026SocialVeil: Probing Social Intelligence of Language Agents under Communication Barriers4 Feb 2026
- 2026M3-BENCH: Process-Aware Evaluation of LLM Agents' Social Behaviors in Mixed-Motive Games13 Jan 2026
- 2025ProMediate: A Socio-cognitive framework for evaluating proactive agents in multi-party negotiation29 Oct 2025
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2024AgentSense: Benchmarking Social Intelligence of Language Agents through Interactive Scenarios
- 2025SOTOPIA-Omega: Dynamic Strategy Injection Learning and Social Instruction Following Evaluation for Social Agents
- 2025Social Cooperation in Conversational AI Agents
- 2025Sotopia-RL: Reward Design for Social Intelligence
- 2025SI-Bench: Benchmarking Social Intelligence of Large Language Models in Human-to-Human Conversations
- 2024AntEval: Evaluation of Social Interaction Competencies in LLM-Driven Agents
- 2026Classic AI Scaffolding for LLM Social Agents
- 2026Communicate-Predict-Act: Evaluating Social Intelligence of Agents