MIKU-PAL: An Automated and Standardized Multi-Modal Method for Speech Paralinguistic and Affect Labeling
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Abstract (arXiv)
Acquiring large-scale emotional speech data with strong consistency remains a challenge for speech synthesis. This paper presents MIKU-PAL, a fully automated multimodal pipeline for extracting high-consistency emotional speech from unlabeled video data. Leveraging face detection and tracking algorithms, we developed an automatic emotion analysis system using a multimodal large language model (MLLM). Our results demonstrate that MIKU-PAL can achieve human-level accuracy (68.5% on MELD) and superior consistency (0.93 Fleiss kappa score) while being much cheaper and faster than human annotation. With the high-quality, flexible, and consistent annotation from MIKU-PAL, we can annotate fine-grained speech emotion categories of up to 26 types, validated by human annotators with 83% rationality ratings. Based on our proposed system, we further released a fine-grained emotional speech dataset MIKU-EmoBench(131.2 hours) as a new benchmark for emotional text-to-speech and visual voice cloning.
Key facts. Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 19 of its 33 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 21 May 2025.
Builds on
19 of 33 references.
References · 19
- 2022Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak Supervisioncited by 4,057
- 2023Neural Codec Language Models are Zero-Shot Text to Speech Synthesizerscited by 752
- 2018MELD: A Multimodal Multi-Party Dataset for Emotion Recognition in Conversationscited by 643
- 2020GoEmotions: A Dataset of Fine-Grained Emotionscited by 486
- 2024MoE-LLaVA: Mixture of Experts for Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 300
- 2024Seed-TTS: A Family of High-Quality Versatile Speech Generation Modelscited by 300
- 2024CosyVoice 2: Scalable Streaming Speech Synthesis with Large Language Modelscited by 288
- 2023emotion2vec: Self-Supervised Pre-Training for Speech Emotion Representationcited by 205
- 2017S3FD: Single Shot Scale-invariant Face Detectorcited by 142
- 2024Emotion-LLaMA: Multimodal Emotion Recognition and Reasoning with Instruction Tuningcited by 121
- 2018DSFD: Dual Shot Face Detectorcited by 116
- 2021Is Someone Speaking? Exploring Long-term Temporal Features for Audio-visual Active Speaker Detectioncited by 113
7 more
- 2024Fish-Speech: Leveraging Large Language Models for Advanced Multilingual Text-to-Speech Synthesiscited by 48
- 2024VERSA: A Versatile Evaluation Toolkit for Speech, Audio, and Musiccited by 30
- 2021KUIELab-MDX-Net: A Two-Stream Neural Network for Music Demixingcited by 24
- 2024Laugh Now Cry Later: Controlling Time-Varying Emotional States of Flow-Matching-Based Zero-Shot Text-to-Speechcited by 19
- 2024EmoSphere++: Emotion-Controllable Zero-Shot Text-to-Speech via Emotion-Adaptive Spherical Vectorcited by 19
- 2024ED-TTS: Multi-Scale Emotion Modeling using Cross-Domain Emotion Diarization for Emotional Speech Synthesiscited by 9
- 2023Benchmarks and leaderboards for sound demixing taskscited by 6
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 1; 2026: 2.
3 papers.
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- 2025AffectGPT: A New Dataset, Model, and Benchmark for Emotion Understanding with Multimodal Large Language Models
- 2025Omni-Emotion: Extending Video MLLM with Detailed Face and Audio Modeling for Multimodal Emotion Analysis
- 2025Pioneering Multimodal Emotion Recognition in the Era of Large Models: From Closed Sets to Open Vocabularies
- 2025Multimodal Large Language Models for End-to-End Affective Computing: Benchmarking and Boosting with Generative Knowledge Prompting
- 2026MultiEmo-Bench: Multi-label Visual Emotion Analysis for Multi-modal Large Language Models
- 2025Multimodal Large Language Models Meet Multimodal Emotion Recognition and Reasoning: A Survey
- 2026Emotion-LLaMAv2 and MMEVerse: A New Framework and Benchmark for Multimodal Emotion Understanding
- 2024MIPS at SemEval-2024 Task 3: Multimodal Emotion-Cause Pair Extraction in Conversations with Multimodal Language Models