Solve-Detect-Verify: Inference-Time Scaling with Flexible Generative Verifier
On the map: LLM reasoning → Test-time compute and efficient thinking
Abstract (arXiv)
Large Language Model (LLM) reasoning for complex tasks inherently involves a trade-off between solution accuracy and computational efficiency. The subsequent step of verification, while intended to improve performance, further complicates this landscape by introducing its own challenging trade-off: sophisticated Generative Reward Models (GenRMs) can be computationally prohibitive if naively integrated with LLMs at test-time, while simpler, faster methods may lack reliability. To overcome these challenges, we introduce FlexiVe, a novel generative verifier that flexibly balances computational resources between rapid, reliable fast thinking and meticulous slow thinking using a Flexible Allocation of Verification Budget strategy. We further propose the Solve-Detect-Verify pipeline, an efficient inference-time scaling framework that intelligently integrates FlexiVe, proactively identifying solution completion points to trigger targeted verification and provide focused solver feedback. Experiments show FlexiVe achieves superior accuracy in pinpointing errors within reasoning traces on ProcessBench. Furthermore, on challenging mathematical reasoning benchmarks (AIME 2024, AIME 2025, and CNMO), our full approach outperforms baselines like self-consistency in reasoning accuracy and inference efficiency. Our system offers a scalable and effective solution to enhance LLM reasoning at test time.
Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Test-time compute and efficient thinking, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 35 of its 55 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 May 2025.
Builds on
35 of 55 references.
Closest ancestors · 12
Same direction, newest first
- 2025Reasoning Models Can Be Effective Without Thinking14 Apr
- 2025When To Solve, When To Verify: Compute-Optimal Problem Solving and Generative Verification for LLM Reasoning1 Apr
- 2025Dyve: Thinking Fast and Slow for Dynamic Process Verification16 Feb
- 2025Sample, Scrutinize and Scale: Effective Inference-Time Search by Scaling Verification3 Feb
- 2025Scaling Flaws of Verifier-Guided Search in Mathematical Reasoning1 Feb
- 2025SETS: Leveraging Self-Verification and Self-Correction for Improved Test-Time Scaling31 Jan
- 2024Do NOT Think That Much for 2+3=? On the Overthinking of o1-Like LLMs30 Dec
- 2024Inference Scaling Laws: An Empirical Analysis of Compute-Optimal Inference for Problem-Solving with Language Models1 Aug
- 2023LLMs cannot find reasoning errors, but can correct them given the error location14 Nov
- 2023Tree of Thoughts: Deliberate Problem Solving with Large Language Models17 May
- 2023Self-Refine: Iterative Refinement with Self-Feedback30 Mar
- 2022Language Models (Mostly) Know What They Know11 Jul
Other references · 23
- 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
- 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,459
- 2024DeepSeekMath: Pushing the Limits of Mathematical Reasoning in Open Language Modelscited by 9,379
- 2023Efficient Memory Management for Large Language Model Serving with PagedAttentioncited by 5,944
- 2022Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 5,708
- 2022Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasonerscited by 4,374
- 2023Reflexion: Language Agents with Verbal Reinforcement Learningcited by 4,276
- 2023Let's Verify Step by Stepcited by 3,789
- 2022Teaching Models to Express Their Uncertainty in Wordscited by 751
- 2016Adaptive Computation Time for Recurrent Neural Networkscited by 506
- 2024Generative Verifiers: Reward Modeling as Next-Token Predictioncited by 480
- 2022Self-critiquing models for assisting human evaluatorscited by 380
11 more
- 2025From System 1 to System 2: A Survey of Reasoning Large Language Modelscited by 320
- 2024ProcessBench: Identifying Process Errors in Mathematical Reasoningcited by 292
- 2025Inference-Time Scaling for Generalist Reward Modelingcited by 239
- 2023Solving Challenging Math Word Problems Using GPT-4 Code Interpreter with Code-based Self-Verificationcited by 166
- 2023MathCoder: Seamless Code Integration in LLMs for Enhanced Mathematical Reasoningcited by 156
- 2024Fast Best-of-N Decoding via Speculative Rejectioncited by 112
- 2023RL4F: Generating Natural Language Feedback with Reinforcement Learning for Repairing Model Outputscited by 105
- 2025GenPRM: Scaling Test-Time Compute of Process Reward Models via Generative Reasoningcited by 97
- 2024Are Your LLMs Capable of Stable Reasoning?cited by 65
- 2024Don't Trust: Verify -- Grounding LLM Quantitative Reasoning with Autoformalizationcited by 55
- 2025Evaluation of Best-of-N Sampling Strategies for Language Model Alignmentcited by 39
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 4; 2026: 4.
8 papers.
- 2025Making Slow Thinking Faster: Compressing LLM Chain-of-Thought via Step Entropycited by 38
- 2025Trust but Verify! A Survey on Verification Design for Test-time Scalingcited by 8
- 2025SSR: Socratic Self-Refine for Large Language Model Reasoningcited by 7
- 2026From Chatbot to Digital Colleague: The Paradigm Shift Toward Persistent Autonomous AIcited by 6
- 2025Putting on the Thinking Hats: A Survey on Chain of Thought Fine-tuning from the Perspective of Human Reasoning Mechanismcited by 4
- 2026Verify, Repair, Repeat, or Stop? Robust Stopping for Noisy Verify-Repair Loops in LLM Agentscited by 2
- 2026One-Token Verification for Reasoning Correctness Estimationcited by 1
- 2026Test-Time Scaling via Budgeted Multi-Attribute Verificationcited by 0
- 2026Test-Time Scaling via Budgeted Multi-Attribute Verification28 Sep 2026
- 2026Verify, Repair, Repeat, or Stop? Robust Stopping for Noisy Verify-Repair Loops in LLM Agents20 Jul 2026
- 2026From Chatbot to Digital Colleague: The Paradigm Shift Toward Persistent Autonomous AI12 Jun 2026
- 2026One-Token Verification for Reasoning Correctness Estimation1 Mar 2026
- 2025SSR: Socratic Self-Refine for Large Language Model Reasoning13 Nov 2025
- 2025Putting on the Thinking Hats: A Survey on Chain of Thought Fine-tuning from the Perspective of Human Reasoning Mechanism15 Oct 2025
- 2025Trust but Verify! A Survey on Verification Design for Test-time Scaling20 Aug 2025
- 2025Making Slow Thinking Faster: Compressing LLM Chain-of-Thought via Step Entropy5 Aug 2025
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025Variation in Verification: Understanding Verification Dynamics in Large Language Models
- 2025Scaling Generative Verifiers For Natural Language Mathematical Proof Verification And Selection
- 2026Verify to Amplify: Improving Reasoning via Learned Chain-of-Thought Verification
- 2025ReProbe: Efficient Test-Time Scaling of Multi-Step Reasoning by Probing Internal States of Large Language Models
- 2024Improving LLM Reasoning through Scaling Inference Computation with Collaborative Verification
- 2025Lightweight Latent Verifiers for Efficient Meta-Generation Strategies
- 2023Small Language Models Fine-tuned to Coordinate Larger Language Models improve Complex Reasoning
- 2025Accelerating LLM Reasoning via Early Rejection with Partial Reward Modeling