mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

On the Interplay of Human-AI Alignment,Fairness, and Performance Trade-offs in Medical Imaging

arXiv 2505.10231 ↗First posted 15 May 2025cs.CV cs.AI cs.CLcited by 3

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Abstract (arXiv)

Deep neural networks excel in medical imaging but remain prone to biases, leading to fairness gaps across demographic groups. We provide the first systematic exploration of Human-AI alignment and fairness in this domain. Our results show that incorporating human insights consistently reduces fairness gaps and enhances out-of-domain generalization, though excessive alignment can introduce performance trade-offs, emphasizing the need for calibrated strategies. These findings highlight Human-AI alignment as a promising approach for developing fair, robust, and generalizable medical AI systems, striking a balance between expert guidance and automated efficiency. Our code is available at https://github.com/Roypic/Aligner.

Key facts. Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 22 of its 30 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 May 2025.

Builds on

22 of 30 references.

References · 22

  1. 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 30,186
  2. 2019ViLBERT: Pretraining Task-Agnostic Visiolinguistic Representations for Vision-and-Language Taskscited by 2,222
  3. 2020Shortcut Learning in Deep Neural Networkscited by 1,969
  4. 2019CheXpert: A Large Chest Radiograph Dataset with Uncertainty Labels and Expert Comparisoncited by 1,423
  5. 2017ChestX-ray8: Hospital-scale Chest X-ray Database and Benchmarks on Weakly-Supervised Classification and Localization of Common Thorax Diseasescited by 972
  6. 2020Quantifying Attention Flow in Transformerscited by 775
  7. 2019MIMIC-CXR-JPG, a large publicly available database of labeled chest radiographscited by 597
  8. 2019PadChest: A large chest x-ray image dataset with multi-label annotated reportscited by 309
  9. 2020VinDr-CXR: An open dataset of chest X-rays with radiologist's annotationscited by 239
  10. 2021Reading Race: AI Recognises Patient's Racial Identity In Medical Imagescited by 156
  11. 2020CheXclusion: Fairness gaps in deep chest X-ray classifierscited by 153
  12. 2019Interpretations are useful: penalizing explanations to align neural networks with prior knowledgecited by 145
10 more
  1. 2023Knowledge-enhanced Visual-Language Pre-training on Chest Radiology Imagescited by 128
  2. 2023Generative models improve fairness of medical classifiers under distribution shiftscited by 90
  3. 2024Learn Your Reference Model for Real Good Alignmentcited by 57
  4. 2022Follow My Eye: Using Gaze to Supervise Computer-Aided Diagnosiscited by 38
  5. 2022Going Beyond XAI: A Systematic Survey for Explanation-Guided Learningcited by 36
  6. 2022Aligning Eyes between Humans and Deep Neural Network through Interactive Attention Alignmentcited by 27
  7. 2022RES: A Robust Framework for Guiding Visual Explanationcited by 22
  8. 2021Algorithmic encoding of protected characteristics in image-based models for disease detectioncited by 7
  9. 2024Gaze-directed Vision GNN for Mitigating Shortcut Learning in Medical Imagecited by 7
  10. 2024DWARF: Disease-weighted network for attention map refinementcited by 5

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 1; 2026: 2.

3 papers.

  1. 2025LVPNet: A Latent-variable-based Prediction-driven End-to-end Framework for Lossless Compression of Medical Imagescited by 2
  2. 2026KEPIL: Knowledge-Enhanced Prompt-Image Learning for Prompt-Robust Disease Detectioncited by 1
  3. 2026HarMoE: Multi-Source Chest Radiograph Pretraining with Dataset-Disentangled Expertscited by 0