mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

MoRE: Unlocking Scalability in Reinforcement Learning for Quadruped Vision-Language-Action Models

arXiv 2503.08007 ↗First posted 11 Mar 2025cs.RO cs.AIcited by 27

On the map: Vision-language-action models → Reinforcement learning and post-training

Abstract (arXiv)

Developing versatile quadruped robots that can smoothly perform various actions and tasks in real-world environments remains a significant challenge. This paper introduces a novel vision-language-action (VLA) model, mixture of robotic experts (MoRE), for quadruped robots that aim to introduce reinforcement learning (RL) for fine-tuning large-scale VLA models with a large amount of mixed-quality data. MoRE integrates multiple low-rank adaptation modules as distinct experts within a dense multi-modal large language model (MLLM), forming a sparse-activated mixture-of-experts model. This design enables the model to effectively adapt to a wide array of downstream tasks. Moreover, we employ a reinforcement learning-based training objective to train our model as a Q-function after deeply exploring the structural properties of our tasks. Effective learning from automatically collected mixed-quality data enhances data efficiency and model performance. Extensive experiments demonstrate that MoRE outperforms all baselines across six different skills and exhibits superior generalization capabilities in out-of-distribution scenarios. We further validate our method in real-world scenarios, confirming the practicality of our approach and laying a solid foundation for future research on multi-task learning in quadruped robots.

Key facts. Cited by 27 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Reinforcement learning and post-training, one of 13 directions in Vision-language-action models. Builds on 36 of its 39 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Mar 2025.

Builds on

36 of 39 references.

References · 36

  1. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
  2. 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,132
  3. 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 13,958
  4. 2023Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Modelscited by 12,865
  5. 2023Segment Anythingcited by 8,158
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  8. 2021Switch Transformers: Scaling to Trillion Parameter Models with Simple and Efficient Sparsitycited by 3,014
  9. 2023RT-2: Vision-Language-Action Models Transfer Web Knowledge to Robotic Controlcited by 2,993
  10. 2024OpenVLA: An Open-Source Vision-Language-Action Modelcited by 2,777
  11. 2022Do As I Can, Not As I Say: Grounding Language in Robotic Affordancescited by 2,302
  12. 2023PaLM-E: An Embodied Multimodal Language Modelcited by 2,037
24 more
  1. 2021Isaac Gym: High Performance GPU-Based Physics Simulation For Robot Learningcited by 882
  2. 2023LISA: Reasoning Segmentation via Large Language Modelcited by 770
  3. 2023Vision-Language Foundation Models as Effective Robot Imitatorscited by 344
  4. 2024MoE-LLaVA: Mixture of Experts for Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 298
  5. 2023Where are we in the search for an Artificial Visual Cortex for Embodied Intelligence?cited by 215
  6. 2024MixLoRA: Enhancing Large Language Models Fine-Tuning with LoRA-based Mixture of Expertscited by 144
  7. 2023Q-Transformer: Scalable Offline Reinforcement Learning via Autoregressive Q-Functionscited by 129
  8. 2023RoboVQA: Multimodal Long-Horizon Reasoning for Roboticscited by 116
  9. 2022Walk These Ways: Tuning Robot Control for Generalization with Multiplicity of Behaviorcited by 113
  10. 2024Cobra: Extending Mamba to Multi-Modal Large Language Model for Efficient Inferencecited by 97
  11. 2025PD-VLA: Accelerating Vision-Language-Action Model Integrated with Action Chunking via Parallel Decodingcited by 88
  12. 2022When Should We Prefer Offline Reinforcement Learning Over Behavioral Cloning?cited by 86
  13. 2024LLaVA-MoLE: Sparse Mixture of LoRA Experts for Mitigating Data Conflicts in Instruction Finetuning MLLMscited by 84
  14. 2024AutoRT: Embodied Foundation Models for Large Scale Orchestration of Robotic Agentscited by 83
  15. 2023QUAR-VLA: Vision-Language-Action Model for Quadruped Robotscited by 55
  16. 2024X-VILA: Cross-Modality Alignment for Large Language Modelcited by 46
  17. 2024From LLMs to Actions: Latent Codes as Bridges in Hierarchical Robot Controlcited by 34
  18. 2024GeRM: A Generalist Robotic Model with Mixture-of-experts for Quadruped Robotcited by 28
  19. 2024RoboNurse-VLA: Robotic Scrub Nurse System based on Vision-Language-Action Modelcited by 28
  20. 2022Multi-Camera Collaborative Depth Prediction via Consistent Structure Estimationcited by 16
  21. 2024PiTe: Pixel-Temporal Alignment for Large Video-Language Modelcited by 7
  22. 2024UniAff: A Unified Representation of Affordances for Tool Usage and Articulation with Vision-Language Modelscited by 6
  23. 2024SDGE: Stereo Guided Depth Estimation for 360^circ Camera Setscited by 5
  24. 2024Task2Morph: Differentiable Task-inspired Framework for Contact-Aware Robot Designcited by 4

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 21; 2026: 6.

27 papers.

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By area:

  1. 2025The Landscape of Agentic Reinforcement Learning for LLMs: A Surveycited by 195
  2. 2025Spatial Forcing: Implicit Spatial Representation Alignment for Vision-language-action Modelcited by 125
  3. 2025ForceVLA: Enhancing VLA Models with a Force-aware MoE for Contact-rich Manipulationcited by 87
  4. 2025Vision-Language-Action Models for Robotics: A Review Towards Real-World Applicationscited by 82
  5. 2025ReconVLA: Reconstructive Vision-Language-Action Model as Effective Robot Perceivercited by 80
  6. 2025Vision-Language-Action (VLA) Models: Concepts, Progress, Applications and Challengescited by 72
  7. 2025Long-VLA: Unleashing Long-Horizon Capability of Vision Language Action Model for Robot Manipulationcited by 48
  8. 2025Pure Vision Language Action (VLA) Models: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 46
  9. 2025ReinboT: Amplifying Robot Visual-Language Manipulation with Reinforcement Learningcited by 44
  10. 2025CEED-VLA: Consistency Vision-Language-Action Model with Early-Exit Decodingcited by 38
  11. 2025Vision Language Action Models in Robotic Manipulation: A Systematic Reviewcited by 38
  12. 2025Unified Diffusion VLA: Vision-Language-Action Model via Joint Discrete Denoising Diffusion Processcited by 37
15 more
  1. 2026FRAPPE: Infusing World Modeling into Generalist Policies via Multiple Future Representation Alignmentcited by 19
  2. 2025MobileVLA-R1: Reinforcing Vision-Language-Action for Mobile Robotscited by 15
  3. 2025Balancing Signal and Variance: Adaptive Offline RL Post-Training for VLA Flow Modelscited by 14
  4. 2025RationalVLA: A Rational Vision-Language-Action Model with Dual Systemcited by 12
  5. 2025WAM-Diff: A Masked Diffusion VLA Framework with MoE and Online Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Drivingcited by 10
  6. 2025Dynamic Mixture of Progressive Parameter-Efficient Expert Library for Lifelong Robot Learningcited by 8
  7. 2025Reinforcement Learning for Large Model: A Surveycited by 8
  8. 2026CORAL: Scalable Multi-Task Robot Learning via LoRA Expertscited by 8
  9. 2025Beyond Human Demonstrations: Diffusion-Based Reinforcement Learning to Generate Data for VLA Trainingcited by 4
  10. 2025VLA^2: Empowering Vision-Language-Action Models with an Agentic Framework for Unseen Concept Manipulationcited by 3
  11. 2025Discover, Learn, and Reinforce: Scaling Vision-Language-Action Pretraining with Diverse RL-Generated Trajectoriescited by 3
  12. 2026Towards Precise Intent-Aligned VLA Aerial Navigation via Expert-Guided GRPOcited by 1
  13. 2026CounterAlign: Counterfactual Supervision for Vision-Language-Action Modelscited by 1
  14. 2026MobileVLA-R1 2.0: RL-Enhanced Reasoning for Mobile Robot Controlcited by 1
  15. 2026Dissecting Advantage-Guided Post-Training for Vision-Language-Action Policiescited by 0

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  1. 2025Improving Vision-Language-Action Model with Online Reinforcement Learning
  2. 2024QUART-Online: Latency-Free Large Multimodal Language Model for Quadruped Robot Learning
  3. 2026Towards Practical World Model-based Reinforcement Learning for Vision-Language-Action Models
  4. 2025VLA-RL: Towards Masterful and General Robotic Manipulation with Scalable Reinforcement Learning
  5. 2025Dual-Actor Fine-Tuning of VLA Models: A Talk-and-Tweak Human-in-the-Loop Approach
  6. 2026Vision-Language-Action Jump-Starting for Reinforcement Learning Robotic Agents
  7. 2025From Intention to Execution: Probing the Generalization Boundaries of Vision-Language-Action Models
  8. 2025CO-RFT: Efficient Fine-Tuning of Vision-Language-Action Models through Chunked Offline Reinforcement Learning