mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

AI Will Always Love You: Studying Implicit Biases in Romantic AI Companions

arXiv 2502.20231 ↗First posted 27 Feb 2025cs.AIcited by 4

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Abstract (arXiv)

While existing studies have recognised explicit biases in generative models, including occupational gender biases, the nuances of gender stereotypes and expectations of relationships between users and AI companions remain underexplored. In the meantime, AI companions have become increasingly popular as friends or gendered romantic partners to their users. This study bridges the gap by devising three experiments tailored for romantic, gender-assigned AI companions and their users, effectively evaluating implicit biases across various-sized LLMs. Each experiment looks at a different dimension: implicit associations, emotion responses, and sycophancy. This study aims to measure and compare biases manifested in different companion systems by quantitatively analysing persona-assigned model responses to a baseline through newly devised metrics. The results are noteworthy: they show that assigning gendered, relationship personas to Large Language Models significantly alters the responses of these models, and in certain situations in a biased, stereotypical way.

Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 16 of its 33 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 Feb 2025.

Builds on

16 of 33 references.

References · 16

  1. 2023Towards Understanding Sycophancy in Language Modelscited by 1,040
  2. 2020CrowS-Pairs: A Challenge Dataset for Measuring Social Biases in Masked Language Modelscited by 710
  3. 2018Gender Bias in Coreference Resolutioncited by 442
  4. 2021BOLD: Dataset and Metrics for Measuring Biases in Open-Ended Language Generationcited by 412
  5. 2023Toxicity in ChatGPT: Analyzing Persona-assigned Language Modelscited by 360
  6. 2023Marked Personas: Using Natural Language Prompts to Measure Stereotypes in Language Modelscited by 207
  7. 2023Bias Runs Deep: Implicit Reasoning Biases in Persona-Assigned LLMscited by 199
  8. 2021Bias Out-of-the-Box: An Empirical Analysis of Intersectional Occupational Biases in Popular Generative Language Modelscited by 141
  9. 2023The Earth is Flat because...: Investigating LLMs' Belief towards Misinformation via Persuasive Conversationcited by 109
  10. 2024The Ethics of Advanced AI Assistantscited by 107
  11. 2023When Large Language Models contradict humans? Large Language Models' Sycophantic Behaviourcited by 62
  12. 2023BiasAsker: Measuring the Bias in Conversational AI Systemcited by 53
4 more
  1. 2024Angry Men, Sad Women: Large Language Models Reflect Gendered Stereotypes in Emotion Attributioncited by 40
  2. 2023Are Personalized Stochastic Parrots More Dangerous? Evaluating Persona Biases in Dialogue Systemscited by 37
  3. 2023Have Large Language Models Developed a Personality?: Applicability of Self-Assessment Tests in Measuring Personality in LLMscited by 32
  4. 2024Are Models Biased on Text without Gender-related Language?cited by 10

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 1; 2026: 3.

4 papers.