SYNTHEMPATHY: A Scalable Empathy Corpus Generated Using LLMs Without Any Crowdsourcing
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Abstract (arXiv)
Previous research has shown that humans are more receptive towards language models that that exhibit empathetic behavior. While empathy is essential for developing helpful dialogue agents, very few large corpora containing empathetic dialogues are available for fine-tune LLMs. The few existing corpora have largely relied on crowdsourcing to simulate empathetic conversations, a process that is expensive, time-consuming, and not scalable to larger datasets. We propose a data generation framework for developing SYNTHEMPATHY, a large corpus containing 105k empathetic responses to real-life situations compiled through LLM generation. A base Mistral 7B model fine-tuned on our SYNTHEMPATHY corpus exhibits an increase in the average empathy score.
Key facts. Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 6 of its 21 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 Feb 2025.
Builds on
6 of 21 references.
References · 6
- 2021Deduplicating Training Data Makes Language Models Bettercited by 705
- 2020A Computational Approach to Understanding Empathy Expressed in Text-Based Mental Health Supportcited by 182
- 2023SoulChat: Improving LLMs' Empathy, Listening, and Comfort Abilities through Fine-tuning with Multi-turn Empathy Conversationscited by 109
- 2023Chain of Empathy: Enhancing Empathetic Response of Large Language Models Based on Psychotherapy Modelscited by 24
- 2022Improving Contextual Coherence in Variational Personalized and Empathetic Dialogue Agentscited by 14
- 2022Emotion-Aware Transformer Encoder for Empathetic Dialogue Generationcited by 5
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 3; 2026: 4.
7 papers.
- 2025Kardia-R1: Unleashing LLMs to Reason toward Understanding and Empathy for Emotional Support via Rubric-as-Judge Reinforcement Learningcited by 22
- 2025A Review of Incorporating Psychological Theories in LLMscited by 5
- 2025Mixed Signals: Understanding Model Disagreement in Multimodal Empathy Detectioncited by 1
- 2026Detecting Mental Manipulation in Speech via Synthetic Multi-Speaker Dialoguecited by 1
- 2026Low-Agreeableness Persona Conditioning for Safe LLM Fine-Tuningcited by 0
- 2026Towards High-Level Semantic Intelligencecited by 0
- 2026From Pattern Recognizers to Personalized Companions: A Survey of Large Language Models in Mental Healthcited by 0
- 2026From Pattern Recognizers to Personalized Companions: A Survey of Large Language Models in Mental Health21 Sep 2026
- 2026Towards High-Level Semantic Intelligence27 Jul 2026
- 2026Low-Agreeableness Persona Conditioning for Safe LLM Fine-Tuning26 Jun 2026
- 2026Detecting Mental Manipulation in Speech via Synthetic Multi-Speaker Dialogue13 Jan 2026
- 2025Kardia-R1: Unleashing LLMs to Reason toward Understanding and Empathy for Emotional Support via Rubric-as-Judge Reinforcement Learning1 Dec 2025
- 2025Mixed Signals: Understanding Model Disagreement in Multimodal Empathy Detection20 May 2025
- 2025A Review of Incorporating Psychological Theories in LLMs28 Mar 2025