Dynamic LLM Routing and Selection based on User Preferences: Balancing Performance, Cost, and Ethics
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Abstract (arXiv)
With the widespread deployment of large language models (LLMs) such as GPT4, BART, and LLaMA, the need for a system that can intelligently select the most suitable model for specific tasks while balancing cost, latency, accuracy, and ethical considerations has become increasingly important. Recognizing that not all tasks necessitate models with over 100 billion parameters, we introduce OptiRoute, an advanced model routing engine designed to dynamically select and route tasks to the optimal LLM based on detailed user-defined requirements. OptiRoute captures both functional (e.g., accuracy, speed, cost) and non-functional (e.g., helpfulness, harmlessness, honesty) criteria, leveraging lightweight task analysis and complexity estimation to efficiently match tasks with the best-fit models from a diverse array of LLMs. By employing a hybrid approach combining k-nearest neighbors (kNN) search and hierarchical filtering, OptiRoute optimizes for user priorities while minimizing computational overhead. This makes it ideal for real-time applications in cloud-based ML platforms, personalized AI services, and regulated industries.
Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 12 of its 13 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Feb 2025.
Builds on
12 of 13 references.
References · 12
- 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,132
- 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,084
- 2015Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Networkcited by 10,076
- 2019BART: Denoising Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training for Natural Language Generation, Translation, and Comprehensioncited by 5,874
- 2023QLoRA: Efficient Finetuning of Quantized LLMscited by 3,355
- 2022GPTQ: Accurate Post-Training Quantization for Generative Pre-trained Transformerscited by 1,838
- 2022Model soups: averaging weights of multiple fine-tuned models improves accuracy without increasing inference timecited by 1,366
- 2023HuggingGPT: Solving AI Tasks with ChatGPT and its Friends in Hugging Facecited by 1,173
- 2021A General Language Assistant as a Laboratory for Alignmentcited by 1,023
- 2022BioGPT: Generative Pre-trained Transformer for Biomedical Text Generation and Miningcited by 531
- 2023LLM-FP4: 4-Bit Floating-Point Quantized Transformerscited by 65
- 2024A Comprehensive Evaluation of Quantization Strategies for Large Language Modelscited by 47
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 2; 2026: 3.
5 papers.
- 2025OSC: Cognitive Orchestration through Dynamic Knowledge Alignment in Multi-Agent LLM Collaborationcited by 29
- 2025ReasoningV: Efficient Verilog Code Generation with Adaptive Hybrid Reasoning Modelcited by 12
- 2026TCAndon-Router: Adaptive Reasoning Router for Multi-Agent Collaborationcited by 3
- 2026From Sampled Outcomes to Capability Distributions: Rethinking Supervision for LLM Routingcited by 3
- 2026FlyRoute: Self-Evolving Agent Profiling via Data Flywheel for Adaptive Task Routingcited by 1
- 2026From Sampled Outcomes to Capability Distributions: Rethinking Supervision for LLM Routing5 Jun 2026
- 2026FlyRoute: Self-Evolving Agent Profiling via Data Flywheel for Adaptive Task Routing21 May 2026
- 2026TCAndon-Router: Adaptive Reasoning Router for Multi-Agent Collaboration8 Jan 2026
- 2025OSC: Cognitive Orchestration through Dynamic Knowledge Alignment in Multi-Agent LLM Collaboration5 Sep 2025
- 2025ReasoningV: Efficient Verilog Code Generation with Adaptive Hybrid Reasoning Model20 Apr 2025
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025LLM Bandit: Cost-Efficient LLM Generation via Preference-Conditioned Dynamic Routing
- 2026Learning to Route LLMs from Implicit Cost-Performance Preferences via Meta-Learning
- 2026Dynamic Model Routing and Cascading for Efficient LLM Inference: A Survey
- 2025PersonalizedRouter: Personalized LLM Routing via Graph-based User Preference Modeling
- 2025Universal Model Routing for Efficient LLM Inference
- 2025Adaptive LLM Routing under Budget Constraints
- 2024RouteLLM: Learning to Route LLMs with Preference Data
- 2026Dynamic Mixed-Precision Routing for Efficient Multi-step LLM Interaction