Sens-Merging: Sensitivity-Guided Parameter Balancing for Merging Large Language Models
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Abstract (arXiv)
Recent advances in large language models have led to numerous task-specialized fine-tuned variants, creating a need for efficient model merging techniques that preserve specialized capabilities while avoiding costly retraining. While existing task vector-based merging methods show promise, they typically apply uniform coefficients across all parameters, overlooking varying parameter importance both within and across tasks. We present Sens-Merging, a sensitivity-guided coefficient adjustment method that enhances existing model merging techniques by operating at both task-specific and cross-task levels. Our method analyzes parameter sensitivity within individual tasks and evaluates cross-task transferability to determine optimal merging coefficients. Extensive experiments on Mistral 7B and LLaMA2-7B/13B models demonstrate that Sens-Merging significantly improves performance across general knowledge, mathematical reasoning, and code generation tasks. Notably, when combined with existing merging techniques, our method enables merged models to outperform specialized fine-tuned models, particularly in code generation tasks. Our findings reveal important trade-offs between task-specific and cross-task scalings, providing insights for future model merging strategies.
Key facts. Cited by 16 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 24 of its 28 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Feb 2025.
Builds on
24 of 28 references.
References · 24
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- 2021Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problemscited by 9,743
- 2021Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Codecited by 8,053
- 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,768
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- 2021Program Synthesis with Large Language Modelscited by 3,509
- 2021TruthfulQA: Measuring How Models Mimic Human Falsehoodscited by 2,919
- 2023TIES-Merging: Resolving Interference When Merging Modelscited by 795
- 2023Language Models are Super Mario: Absorbing Abilities from Homologous Models as a Free Lunchcited by 679
- 2019Linear Mode Connectivity and the Lottery Ticket Hypothesiscited by 627
- 2021Merging Models with Fisher-Weighted Averagingcited by 613
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- 2022Git Re-Basin: Merging Models modulo Permutation Symmetriescited by 460
- 2022Dataless Knowledge Fusion by Merging Weights of Language Modelscited by 384
- 2021The Role of Permutation Invariance in Linear Mode Connectivity of Neural Networkscited by 285
- 2024Model Merging in LLMs, MLLMs, and Beyond: Methods, Theories, Applications and Opportunitiescited by 247
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- 2023ZipIt! Merging Models from Different Tasks without Trainingcited by 178
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 5; 2026: 11.
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- 2025Unlocking Efficient Long-to-Short LLM Reasoning with Model Mergingcited by 58
- 2025Don't Overthink It: A Survey of Efficient R1-style Large Reasoning Modelscited by 36
- 2026Locate, Steer, and Improve: A Practical Survey of Actionable Mechanistic Interpretability in Large Language Modelscited by 22
- 2025Activation-Guided Consensus Merging for Large Language Modelscited by 12
- 2025RCP-Merging: Merging Long Chain-of-Thought Models with Domain-Specific Models by Considering Reasoning Capability as Priorcited by 5
- 2026MergePipe: A Budget-Aware Parameter Management System for Scalable LLM Mergingcited by 5
- 2026Label-Free Cross-Task LoRA Merging with Null-Space Compressioncited by 3
- 2026Access Sets Matter: Budgeting Expert Reads for Scalable Weight-Space Model Mergingcited by 2
- 2026ReasonAny: Incorporating Reasoning Capability to Any Model via Simple and Effective Model Mergingcited by 1
- 2026Merging Beyond: Streaming LLM Updates via Activation-Guided Rotationscited by 1
- 2026Preference-Aligned LoRA Merging: Preserving Subspace Coverage and Addressing Directional Anisotropycited by 1
- 2026DiMtextsuperscript3: Bridging Multilingual and Multimodal Models via Direction- and Magnitude-Aware Mergingcited by 1
4 more
- 2025ReCatcher: Towards LLMs Regression Testing for Code Generationcited by 0
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- 2026Towards Efficient Reasoning in LLM-Based Recommender Systems via Model Mergingcited by 0
- 2026Towards Efficient Reasoning in LLM-Based Recommender Systems via Model Merging11 Aug 2026
- 2026Access Sets Matter: Budgeting Expert Reads for Scalable Weight-Space Model Merging28 May 2026
- 2026DiMtextsuperscript3: Bridging Multilingual and Multimodal Models via Direction- and Magnitude-Aware Merging13 May 2026
- 2026Scaling Mobile Agent Systems: From Capability Density to Collective Intelligence29 Apr 2026
- 2026Label-Free Cross-Task LoRA Merging with Null-Space Compression27 Mar 2026
- 2026Preference-Aligned LoRA Merging: Preserving Subspace Coverage and Addressing Directional Anisotropy27 Mar 2026
- 2026Data-Free Layer-Adaptive Merging via Fisher Information for Long-to-Short Reasoning LLMs23 Mar 2026
- 2026MergePipe: A Budget-Aware Parameter Management System for Scalable LLM Merging5 Feb 2026
- 2026Merging Beyond: Streaming LLM Updates via Activation-Guided Rotations3 Feb 2026
- 2026Locate, Steer, and Improve: A Practical Survey of Actionable Mechanistic Interpretability in Large Language Models20 Jan 2026
- 2026ReasonAny: Incorporating Reasoning Capability to Any Model via Simple and Effective Model Merging9 Jan 2026
- 2025RCP-Merging: Merging Long Chain-of-Thought Models with Domain-Specific Models by Considering Reasoning Capability as Prior5 Aug 2025
4 more
- 2025Don't Overthink It: A Survey of Efficient R1-style Large Reasoning Models4 Aug 2025
- 2025ReCatcher: Towards LLMs Regression Testing for Code Generation25 Jul 2025
- 2025Activation-Guided Consensus Merging for Large Language Models20 May 2025
- 2025Unlocking Efficient Long-to-Short LLM Reasoning with Model Merging26 Mar 2025
- 2025Unlocking Efficient Long-to-Short LLM Reasoning with Model Mergingcited by 58
- 2025Don't Overthink It: A Survey of Efficient R1-style Large Reasoning Modelscited by 36
- 2025Activation-Guided Consensus Merging for Large Language Modelscited by 12
- 2025RCP-Merging: Merging Long Chain-of-Thought Models with Domain-Specific Models by Considering Reasoning Capability as Priorcited by 5
- 2026ReasonAny: Incorporating Reasoning Capability to Any Model via Simple and Effective Model Mergingcited by 1
- 2026Data-Free Layer-Adaptive Merging via Fisher Information for Long-to-Short Reasoning LLMscited by 0
- 2026Towards Efficient Reasoning in LLM-Based Recommender Systems via Model Mergingcited by 0
- 2026Towards Efficient Reasoning in LLM-Based Recommender Systems via Model Merging11 Aug 2026
- 2026Data-Free Layer-Adaptive Merging via Fisher Information for Long-to-Short Reasoning LLMs23 Mar 2026
- 2026ReasonAny: Incorporating Reasoning Capability to Any Model via Simple and Effective Model Merging9 Jan 2026
- 2025RCP-Merging: Merging Long Chain-of-Thought Models with Domain-Specific Models by Considering Reasoning Capability as Prior5 Aug 2025
- 2025Don't Overthink It: A Survey of Efficient R1-style Large Reasoning Models4 Aug 2025
- 2025Activation-Guided Consensus Merging for Large Language Models20 May 2025
- 2025Unlocking Efficient Long-to-Short LLM Reasoning with Model Merging26 Mar 2025
- 2026Locate, Steer, and Improve: A Practical Survey of Actionable Mechanistic Interpretability in Large Language Modelscited by 22
- 2026MergePipe: A Budget-Aware Parameter Management System for Scalable LLM Mergingcited by 5
- 2026Label-Free Cross-Task LoRA Merging with Null-Space Compressioncited by 3
- 2026Access Sets Matter: Budgeting Expert Reads for Scalable Weight-Space Model Mergingcited by 2
- 2026Merging Beyond: Streaming LLM Updates via Activation-Guided Rotationscited by 1
- 2026Preference-Aligned LoRA Merging: Preserving Subspace Coverage and Addressing Directional Anisotropycited by 1
- 2026DiMtextsuperscript3: Bridging Multilingual and Multimodal Models via Direction- and Magnitude-Aware Mergingcited by 1
- 2025ReCatcher: Towards LLMs Regression Testing for Code Generationcited by 0
- 2026Access Sets Matter: Budgeting Expert Reads for Scalable Weight-Space Model Merging28 May 2026
- 2026DiMtextsuperscript3: Bridging Multilingual and Multimodal Models via Direction- and Magnitude-Aware Merging13 May 2026
- 2026Label-Free Cross-Task LoRA Merging with Null-Space Compression27 Mar 2026
- 2026Preference-Aligned LoRA Merging: Preserving Subspace Coverage and Addressing Directional Anisotropy27 Mar 2026
- 2026MergePipe: A Budget-Aware Parameter Management System for Scalable LLM Merging5 Feb 2026
- 2026Merging Beyond: Streaming LLM Updates via Activation-Guided Rotations3 Feb 2026
- 2026Locate, Steer, and Improve: A Practical Survey of Actionable Mechanistic Interpretability in Large Language Models20 Jan 2026
- 2025ReCatcher: Towards LLMs Regression Testing for Code Generation25 Jul 2025
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