mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Evaluation of Multilingual Image Captioning: How far can we get with CLIP models?

arXiv 2502.06600 ↗First posted 10 Feb 2025cs.CL cs.AIcited by 5

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Abstract (arXiv)

The evaluation of image captions, looking at both linguistic fluency and semantic correspondence to visual contents, has witnessed a significant effort. Still, despite advancements such as the CLIPScore metric, multilingual captioning evaluation has remained relatively unexplored. This work presents several strategies, and extensive experiments, related to evaluating CLIPScore variants in multilingual settings. To address the lack of multilingual test data, we consider two different strategies: (1) using quality aware machine-translated datasets with human judgements, and (2) re-purposing multilingual datasets that target semantic inference and reasoning. Our results highlight the potential of finetuned multilingual models to generalize across languages and to handle complex linguistic challenges. Tests with machine-translated data show that multilingual CLIPScore models can maintain a high correlation with human judgements across different languages, and additional tests with natively multilingual and multicultural data further attest to the high-quality assessments.

Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 32 of its 44 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 Feb 2025.

Builds on

32 of 44 references.

References · 32

  1. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,744
  2. 2021CLIPScore: A Reference-free Evaluation Metric for Image Captioningcited by 2,424
  3. 2014CIDEr: Consensus-based Image Description Evaluationcited by 2,046
  4. 2020Multilingual Denoising Pre-training for Neural Machine Translationcited by 1,035
  5. 2020Beyond English-Centric Multilingual Machine Translationcited by 561
  6. 2018A Corpus for Reasoning About Natural Language Grounded in Photographscited by 459
  7. 201912-in-1: Multi-Task Vision and Language Representation Learningcited by 278
  8. 2019Visual Entailment: A Novel Task for Fine-Grained Image Understandingcited by 252
  9. 2024Tower: An Open Multilingual Large Language Model for Translation-Related Taskscited by 206
  10. 2021Visually Grounded Reasoning across Languages and Culturescited by 189
  11. 2021VALSE: A Task-Independent Benchmark for Vision and Language Models Centered on Linguistic Phenomenacited by 135
  12. 2022CLIP Models are Few-shot Learners: Empirical Studies on VQA and Visual Entailmentcited by 113
20 more
  1. 2022Crossmodal-3600: A Massively Multilingual Multimodal Evaluation Datasetcited by 100
  2. 2023Scaling up COMETKIWI: Unbabel-IST 2023 Submission for the Quality Estimation Shared Taskcited by 88
  3. 2021e-ViL: A Dataset and Benchmark for Natural Language Explanations in Vision-Language Taskscited by 84
  4. 2022SmallCap: Lightweight Image Captioning Prompted with Retrieval Augmentationcited by 82
  5. 2023Positive-Augmented Contrastive Learning for Image and Video Captioning Evaluationcited by 78
  6. 2022IGLUE: A Benchmark for Transfer Learning across Modalities, Tasks, and Languagescited by 54
  7. 2024Polos: Multimodal Metric Learning from Human Feedback for Image Captioningcited by 46
  8. 2024FLEUR: An Explainable Reference-Free Evaluation Metric for Image Captioning Using a Large Multimodal Modelcited by 45
  9. 2023mBLIP: Efficient Bootstrapping of Multilingual Vision-LLMscited by 41
  10. 2015From Images to Sentences through Scene Description Graphs using Commonsense Reasoning and Knowledgecited by 35
  11. 2022Mutual Information Divergence: A Unified Metric for Multimodal Generative Modelscited by 35
  12. 2023InfoMetIC: An Informative Metric for Reference-free Image Caption Evaluationcited by 25
  13. 2023Gender Biases in Automatic Evaluation Metrics for Image Captioningcited by 24
  14. 2024G-VEval: A Versatile Metric for Evaluating Image and Video Captions Using GPT-4ocited by 23
  15. 2023LMCap: Few-shot Multilingual Image Captioning by Retrieval Augmented Language Model Promptingcited by 17
  16. 2024Positive-Augmented Contrastive Learning for Vision-and-Language Evaluation and Trainingcited by 16
  17. 2023MultiCapCLIP: Auto-Encoding Prompts for Zero-Shot Multilingual Visual Captioningcited by 13
  18. 2024BRIDGE: Bridging Gaps in Image Captioning Evaluation with Stronger Visual Cuescited by 13
  19. 2023An Examination of the Robustness of Reference-Free Image Captioning Evaluation Metricscited by 11
  20. 2023JaSPICE: Automatic Evaluation Metric Using Predicate-Argument Structures for Image Captioning Modelscited by 6

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 3; 2026: 2.

5 papers.